tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13376618957966500522024-03-19T02:30:57.180-07:00catatan gitagita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.comBlogger77125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-50505038531927796732014-07-01T02:32:00.001-07:002014-07-01T02:32:21.538-07:00Tugas 3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta,
December 20, 2010</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unitama
Megatrading Corp</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Human
Resources Department</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Puri
Kembangan Street Kav.102</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta
Barat</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dear
Sir,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
know that Unitama Megatrading Corp. is one of the biggest retail product
distributors in Indonesia, and I am sure it would be an excellent career
opportunity to join in and work for this respective company.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
would like to apply for direct marketing and sales officer position in your
company. I am in good health, willing to work, fast learning, and work well
with others. I have my own vehicle, driving license A and C. Also, I have good
communication skill and speak English fluently both oral and written.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
was graduated from Akademi Manajemen Perusahaan (AMP) YKPN Yogyakarta, majoring
in Marketing Management in December 2003, and have been working for Pratama
Corp Retails in sales and marketing department since January 2004. I believe my
2 years experience in this related field would be useful for me to contribute
your company better.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
would greatly appreciate an opportunity to convince you that my services would
be an asset to your company. I assure you that a high level of efficiency would
be applied to any assignment given to me. I hope my qualifications and
experiences merit to your consideration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thank
you for kind attention, and I am looking forward to your reply.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yours
Faithfully,</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gita Anggeliya</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; text-indent: 0mm;">
<b><span style="color: #222222;"><b>Personnel Manager</b></span></b><span style="color: #222222;"></span>
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">PT. Ungu</span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Jl. Hayam Wuruk 25 A</span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Jakarta 15677</span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Dear Personnel Manager :</span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">I believe my 10 years of <span class="ufzs507992n3" id="ufzs507992n3_12">accounting experience</span> might be an asset to PT. Ungu, and therefore I have enclosed my resume for your consideration.</span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">I seek a stable opportunity and strongly identification with <span class="ufzs507992n3" id="ufzs507992n3_7">Carolina Herrera</span>.
I was fully responsible for the preparation of monthly consolidated
financial statements for management and public reporting, and the Annual
Report to Shareholders- and shared responsibility with the Corporate
Controller in maintaining operating units compliance with the PSAK.</span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">When can we set up an interview? I may be reached at 021 442-5770. Your consideration is greatly appreciated.</span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Sincerely,</span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Gita Anggeliya</span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;"> </span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;"> </span></div>
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<blockquote style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jakarta, May 27, 2011</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Attention:</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Personel Manager of PT FAJAR KARYA INDAH Tbk.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Gedung PT. FAJAR KARYA INDAH Tbk. 2nd floor</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jl. Kemandoran Kav.27</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jakarta Barat</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dear Sir/Madam, </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Refer to your requirement advertised in Kompas May 27 2011, I am
interested to joint and to contribute with your respected company. </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I am twenty-six years of age, single and in good health condition. I was
graduated from AA YKPN, Yogyakarta in 2003. My scholastic record is
satisfactory and also skilled at Accounting duties. I am be able to use
English both oral and written, computer literate, able to use MS Office
package such as MS Excel, MS Word, MS PowerPoint, MS OutLook and
Internet, also familiar with English Correspondences and Administration
duties. </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Now, I am working as Accounting Staff at PT. SURYA PERKASA. I am willing
to learn and work very well with others and anxious to put my knowledge
into practical. Enclosed is my resume and latest photograph for your
review and considerations. </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I hope you will grant me an interview and the opportunity to give you more details about my self. </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Yours faithfully,</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222;"></span>Gita Anggeliya</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
takes for a thousand years for waiting you, just <u>wasted</u> my time!</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">He
is <u>leisure</u> to see you.</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Don’t
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
just <u>remembered</u> for our childhood.</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">My
favorite activity on Sunday morning is <u>jogging</u>.</span></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-39219723384286175642014-07-01T02:24:00.003-07:002014-07-01T02:24:29.756-07:00Tugas 1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">If
you spend lets of hours in front if TV, that means you just <u>waste</u> your
precious time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">When
an actor receives an <u>award</u> his fame becomes double.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leisure</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
activities have tahe sama meaning as the free time activities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maybe
an <u>ordinary</u> person in the streer doesn’t know this but you, as an
educated person, must certainty know this.</span></div>
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Trekking</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> is a long difficult
journey.</span>gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-12046145147315267212014-06-29T09:09:00.001-07:002014-06-29T09:09:54.827-07:00Sukarno, Indonesia's First President<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">
Sukarno was born on June 6, 1901, in Surabaya, and was given the name Kusno Sosrodihardjo. His parents renamed him Sukarno later, after he survived a serious illness. Sukarno's father was Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, a Muslim aristocrat and school teacher from Java. His mother, Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai, was a Hindu of the Brahmin caste from Bali.</div>
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Young Sukarno went to a local elementary school until 1912. He then attended a Dutch middle school in Mojokerto, followed in 1916 by a Dutch high school in Surabaya. The young man was gifted with a photographic memory and a talent for languages, including Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese, Dutch, English, French, Arabic, Bahasa Indonesia, German, and Japanese.</div>
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Marriages and Divorces:</h3>
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While in Surabaya for high school, Sukarno lived with the Indonesian nationalist leader Tjokroaminoto. He fell in love with his landlord's daughter, Siti Oetari, and they married in 1920.</div>
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The following year, however, Sukarno went to study civil engineering at the Technical Institute in Bandung, and fell in love again. This time, his partner was the boarding-house owner's wife, Inggit, who was 13 years older than Sukarno. They each divorced their spouses, and the two married in 1923.</div>
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Inggit and Sukarno remained married for twenty years, but never had children, so Sukarno divorced her in 1943 and married a teenager named Fatmawati. Fatmawati would bear Sukarno five children, including Indonesia's first female president, Megawati Sukarnoputri.</div>
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In 1953, President Sukarno decided to become polygamous in accordance with Muslim law. When he married a Javanese lady named Hartini in 1954, First Lady Fatmawati was so angry that she moved out of the presidential palace. Over the next 16 years, Sukarno would take five additional wives: a Japanese teen named Naoko Nemoto (Indonesian name, Ratna Dewi Sukarno), Kartini Manoppo, Yurike Sanger, Heldy Djafar, and Amelia do la Rama.</div>
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Independence Movement:</h3>
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Sukarno began to think about independence for the Dutch East Indies while he was in high school. During college, he read deeply on different political philosophies, including communism, capitalist democracy, and Islamism, developing his own syncretic ideology of Indonesian socialist self-sufficiency. He also established the <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">Algameene Studieclub</em> for like-minded Indonesian students.</div>
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In 1927, Sukarno and the other members of the Algameene Studieclub reorganized themselves as the <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">Partai Nasional Indonesia</em> (PNI), an anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist independence party. Sukarno became the first leader of the PNI. Sukarno hoped to enlist Japanese help in overcoming Dutch colonialism, and also to unite the different peoples of the Dutch East Indies into a single nation.</div>
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The Dutch colonial secret police soon learned of the PNI, and in late December of 1929, arrested Sukarno and the other members. At his trial, which lasted for the last five months of 1930, Sukarno made a series of impassioned political speeches against imperialism that attracted wide-spread attention.</div>
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He was sentenced to four years in prison, and went to the Sukamiskin Prison in Bandung to begin serving his sentence. However, press coverage of his speeches so impressed liberal factions in the Netherlands and in the Dutch East Indies that Sukarno was released from prison after just one year. He had become very popular with the Indonesian people, naturally, as well.</div>
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While he was in prison, the PNI split into two opposing factions. One party, the <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">Partai Indonesia</em>, favored a militant approach to revolution, while the <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia</em>(PNI Baroe) advocated slow revolution through education and peaceful resistance. Sukarno agreed with the Partai Indonesia approach more than the PNI's, so he became the head of that party in 1932, after his release from prison. On August 1, 1933, the Dutch police arrested Sukarno once again while he was visiting Jakarta.</div>
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Japanese Occupation:</h3>
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In February 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded the Dutch East Indies. Cut off from help by the German occupation of the Netherlands, the colonial Dutch quickly surrendered to the Japanese. The Dutch forced-marched Sukarno to Padang, Sumatra, intending to send him to Australia as a prisoner, but had to leave him in order to save themselves as Japanese forces approached.</div>
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The Japanese commander, General Hitoshi Imamura, recruited Sukarno to lead the Indonesians under Japan's rule. Sukarno was happy to collaborate with them at first, in hopes of keeping the Dutch out of the East Indies.</div>
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However, the Japanese soon began to impress millions of Indonesian workers, particularly Javanese, as forced labor. These <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">romusha</em> workers had to build airfields and railways, and to grow crops for the Japanese. They worked very hard with little food or water, and were regularly abused by the Japanese overseers, which quickly soured relations between the Indonesians and Japan. Sukarno would never live down his collaboration with the Japanese.</div>
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Declaration of Independence:</h3>
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In June of 1945, Sukarno introduced his five-point <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">Pancasila</em>, or principles of an independent Indonesia. They included a belief in God but tolerance of all religions, internationalism and just humanity, the unity of all Indonesia, democracy through consensus, and social justice for all.</div>
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On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allied Powers. Sukarno's young supporters urged him to immediately declare independence, but he feared retribution from the Japanese troops still present. On August 16, the impatient youth leaders kidnapped Sukarno, and then convinced him to declare independence the following day.</div>
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On August 18, at 10 am, Sukarno spoke to a crowd of 500 in front of his home, declaring the Republic of Indonesia independent, with himself as President and his friend Mohammad Hatta as Vice President. He also promulgated the 1945 Indonesian Constitution, which included the Pancasila.</div>
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Although the Japanese troops still in the country tried to suppress news of the declaration, word spread quickly through the grapevine. One month later, on September 19, 1945, Sukarno spoke to a crowd of more than one million at Merdeka Square in Jakarta. The new independence government controlled Java and Sumatra, while the Japanese maintained their hold on the other islands; the Dutch and other Allied Powers had yet to show up.</div>
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Negotiated Settlement with the Netherlands:</h3>
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Toward the end of September, 1945, the British finally made an appearance in Indonesia, occupying the major cities by the end of October. The Allies repatriated 70,000 Japanese, and formally returned the country to its status as a Dutch colony. Due to his status as a collaborator with the Japanese, Sukarno had to appoint an untainted Prime Minister, Sutan Sjahrir, and allow the election of a parliament as he pushed for international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia.</div>
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Under the British occupation, Dutch colonial troops and officials began to return, arming the Dutch POWs formerly held captive by the Japanese, and going on shooting sprees against Indonesians. In November, the city of Surabaya broke out into an all out battle, in which thousands of Indonesians and 300 British troops died.</div>
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This incident encouraged the British to hurry their withdrawal from Indonesia, and by November of 1946, all British troops were gone. In their place, 150,000 Dutch soldiers returned. Faced with this show of force, and the prospect of a long and bloody independence struggle, Sukarno decided to negotiate a settlement with the Dutch.</div>
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Despite vociferous opposition from other Indonesian nationalist parties, Sukarno agreed to the November 1946 Linggadjati Agreement, which gave his government control of Java, Sumatra and Madura only. However, in July of 1947, the Dutch violated the agreement and launched Operatie Product, an all-out invasion of the Republican-held islands. International condemnation forced them to halt the invasion the following month, and former Prime Minister Sjahrir flew to New York to appeal to the United Nations for intervention.</div>
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The Dutch refused to withdraw from the areas already seized in Operatie Product, and the Indonesian nationalist government had to sign the Renville Agreement in January 1948, which recognized Dutch control of Java and of the best agricultural land in Sumatra. All over the islands, guerrilla groups not aligned with Sukarno's government sprang up to fight the Dutch.</div>
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In December of 1948, the Dutch launched another major invasion of Indonesia called Operatie Kraai. They arrested Sukarno, then-Prime Minister Mohammad Hatta, former PM-Sjahrir, and other Nationalist leaders.</div>
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The backlash to this invasion from the international community was even stronger; the United States threatened to halt Marshall Aid to the Netherlands if it did not desist. Under the dual threat of a strong Indonesian guerrilla effort and international pressure, the Dutch yielded. On May 7, 1949, they signed the Roem-van Roijen Agreement, turning over Yogyakarta to the Nationalists, and releasing Sukarno and the other leadership from prison. On December 27, 1949, the Netherlands formally agreed to relinquish its claims to Indonesia.</div>
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Sukarno Takes Power:</h3>
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In August of 1950, the last part of Indonesia became independent from the Dutch. Sukarno's role as president was mostly ceremonial, but as the "Father of the Nation" he wielded a lot of influence. The new country faced a number of challenges; Muslims, Hindus and Christians clashed, ethnic Chinese clashed with Indonesians, and Islamists fought with pro-atheist communists. In addition, the military was divided between Japanese-trained troops and former guerrilla fighters.</div>
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In October of 1952, the former guerrillas surrounded Sukarno's palace with tanks, demanding that the parliament be dissolved. Sukarno went out alone and gave a speech, which convinced the military to back down. New elections in 1955 did nothing to improve stability in the country, however; the parliament was divided among all the various squabbling factions, and Sukarno feared that the entire edifice would collapse.</div>
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Growing Autocracy:</h3>
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Sukarno felt that he needed more authority, and that Western-style democracy would never function well in volatile Indonesia. Over protests from Vice President Hatta, in 1956 he put forth his plan for "guided democracy," under which as president, Sukarno would lead the population to a consensus on national issues. In December of 1956, Hatta resigned in opposition to this blatant power-grab, to the shock of citizens around the country.</div>
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That month and on into March of 1957, military commanders in Sumatra and Sulawesi took power, ousting the Republican local governments. They demanded Hatta's reinstatement, and an end to communist influence over politics. Sukarno responded by installing as vice president Djuanda Kartawidjaja, who agreed with him on "guided democracy," and then declaring martial law on March 14, 1957.</div>
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Amidst growing tensions, Sukarno went to a school function in Central Jakarta on November 30, 1957. A member of the Darul Islam group tried to assassinate him there by throwing a grenade; Sukarno was unharmed, but six school-children died.</div>
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Sukarno tightened his grip on Indonesia, expelling 40,000 Dutch citizens and nationalizing all of their property, as well as that of Dutch-owned corporations such as the Royal Dutch Shell oil company. He also instituted rules against ethnic-Chinese ownership of rural land and businesses, forcing many thousands of Chinese to move to the cities, and 100,000 to return to China.</div>
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To put down military opposition in the outlying islands, Sukarno engaged in all-out air and sea invasions of Sumatra and Sulawesi. The rebel governments had all surrendered by the beginning of 1959, and the last guerrilla troops surrendered in August of 1961.</div>
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On July 5, 1959, Sukarno issued a presidential decree voiding the current constitution, and reinstating the 1945 constitution, which gave the president significantly broader powers. He dissolved parliament in March of 1960, and created a new parliament in which he directly appointed half of the members. The military arrested and jailed members of the opposition Islamist and socialist parties, and shut down newspaper that had criticized Sukarno. The president began to add more communists to the government, as well, so that he wouldn't be reliant solely on the military for support.</div>
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In response to these moves toward autocracy, Sukarno faced more than one assassination attempt. On March 9, 1960, an Indonesian air force officer strafed the presidential palace with his MiG-17, trying unsuccessfully to kill Sukarno. Islamists shot at the president during Eid al-Adha prayers in 1962, but again Sukarno was unhurt.</div>
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In 1963, Sukarno's hand-picked parliament appointed him president for life. In proper dictator fashion, he made his own speeches and writings mandatory subjects for all Indonesian students, and all mass media in the country were required to report only on his ideology and actions. To top off his cult of personality, Sukarno renamed the highest mountain in the country "Puntjak Sukarno," or Sukarno Peak, in his own honor.</div>
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Suharto's Coup:</h3>
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Although Sukarno seemed to have Indonesia gripped in a mailed fist, his military/Communist support coalition was fragile. The military resented the rapid growth of Communism, and began to seek out an alliance with Islamist leaders who also disliked the pro-atheism communists. Sensing that the military was growing disillusioned, Sukarno rescinded martial law in 1963 to curb the army's power.</div>
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In April of 1965, conflict between the military and communists increased when Sukarno supported communist leader Aidit's call to arm the Indonesian peasantry. US and British intelligence may or may not have established contacts with the military in Indonesia to explore the possibility of bringing Sukarno down. Meanwhile, the ordinary people suffered enormously as hyperinflation spiked to 600%; Sukarno cared little about economics, and did nothing about the situation.</div>
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On October 1, 1965, at the break of day, the pro-communist "30 September Movement" captured and killed six senior army generals. The movement claimed that it acted to protect President Sukarno from an impending army coup. It announced the dissolution of parliament and the creation of a "Revolutionary Council."</div>
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Major General Suharto of the strategic reserve command took control of the army on October 2, having been promoted to the rank of Army Chief by a reluctant Sukarno, and quickly overcame the communist coup. Suharto and his Islamist allies then led a purge of communists and leftists in Indonesia, killing at least 500,000 people nation-wide, and imprisoning 1.5 million.</div>
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Sukarno sought to maintain his hold on power by appealing to the people over the radio in January of 1966. Massive student demonstrations broke out, and one student was shot dead and made a martyr by the army in February. On March 11, 1966, Sukarno signed a Presidential Order known as the <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">Supersemar</em> that effectively handed control of the country over to General Suharto. Some sources claim that he signed the order at gun-point.</div>
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Suharto immediately purged the government and army of Sukarno loyalists, and initiated impeachment proceedings against Sukarno on grounds of communism, economic negligence, and "moral degradation" - a reference to Sukarno's infamous womanizing.</div>
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Death of Sukarno:</h3>
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On March 12, 1967, Sukarno was formally ousted from the presidency, and placed under house arrest at the Bogor Palace. The Suharto regime did not allow him proper medical care, so Sukarno died of kidney failure on June 21, 1970 in the Jakarta Army Hospital. He was 69 years old.</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">(http://asianhistory.about.com/od/indonesia/p/Sukarno-Indonesia-First-President.htm)</span></span></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-70764836091169649102014-06-29T08:55:00.001-07:002014-06-29T08:55:24.315-07:00History of hijab<h1 class="title" id="page-title" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; padding-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;">
Why Hijab?</h1>
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One of the many questions that I have been asked is why does Islam make<em>hijab</em> mandatory for women? Islam has introduced <em>hijab</em> as part of the decency and modesty in interaction between members of the opposite sex. Verse 59 of chapter 33 quoted previously gives a very good reason; it says,</div>
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<strong>“</strong><em><strong>This is more appropriate so that they may be known [as Muslim women] and thus not be harassed [or molested].</strong></em><strong>”</strong></div>
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Men, whether they confess it or not, are slaves of lust and desire.</div>
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<em>•</em><em> </em><em>Hijab</em> protects women from such men; it symbolizes that she has been sanctified to one man only and is off-limit to all others.</div>
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<em>•</em><em> </em><em>Hijab</em><em> </em>contributes to the stability and preservation of marriage and family by eliminating the chances of extramarital affairs.</div>
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• Finally, it compels men to focus on the real personality of the woman and de-emphasizes her physical beauty. It puts the woman in control of strangers’ reaction to her.</div>
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Commenting on the attire of women in North Africa and South East Asia, Germaine Greer, one of the pioneers of the women’s liberation movement, wrote:</div>
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“Women who wear <em>cortes</em> or <em>huipiles</em> or saris or jellabas or <em>salwar kameez</em> or any other ample garments can swell and diminish inside them without embarrassment or discomfort. Women with shawls and veils can breastfeed anywhere without calling attention to themselves, while baby is protected from dust and flies. In most non-Western societies, the dress and ornaments of women celebrate the mothering function. Ours deny it.”<a class="see-footnote" href="http://www.al-islam.org/hijab-muslim-womens-dress-islamic-or-cultural-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/why-hijab#footnote1_kklralc" id="footnoteref1_kklralc" style="color: #a15001; font-size: 0.9em; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: -0.25em; vertical-align: top;" title=" Picador, 1985) p. 14.">1</a></div>
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Note that she also specifically mentions the <em>salwar, kameez</em> and <em>jellabas</em> that are used by Muslim women in the East.</div>
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Feminists and the Western media often portray the <em>hijab</em> as a symbol of oppression and slavery of women. This sexist angle of viewing the <em>hijab</em>reflects the influence of Western feminists who are subconsciously reacting to the Judea-Christian concept of veil –– “the symbol of woman’s subjection to her husband”.<a class="see-footnote" href="http://www.al-islam.org/hijab-muslim-womens-dress-islamic-or-cultural-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/why-hijab#footnote2_s1046x3" id="footnoteref2_s1046x3" style="color: #a15001; font-size: 0.9em; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: -0.25em; vertical-align: top;" title=" is it comely that a woman pray unto God uncovered?” (1 Corinthians 11:3-5, 13) In simple English, it means that if a man keeps his head covered in prayer, then he is disrespecting Christ; and if a woman keeps her head uncovered in prayer, then she is disrespecting her man. For Biblical Jewish concept, see Genesis 24:65.">2</a></div>
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To look at one’s own religious or cultural history and then to pass a judgment against another religion is, on the milder side, an intellectual miscalculation, and, on the harsher side, outright cultural imperialism! My father made an interesting observation in an article that when the Europeans penetrated the interior of Africa a century ago, they found some tribes who went about naked. They forced the tribes to wear clothes as mark of civilization. “Now those advocates of ‘civilization’ are themselves discarding their clothes. One often wonders if the ‘primitive tribes’ of the last century were not more civilized than the rest of the world. After all, it is rest of the world which is now imitating the ways of the so-called primitive society.” <a class="see-footnote" href="http://www.al-islam.org/hijab-muslim-womens-dress-islamic-or-cultural-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/why-hijab#footnote3_fai48pj" id="footnoteref3_fai48pj" style="color: #a15001; font-size: 0.9em; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: -0.25em; vertical-align: top;" title=" S. Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, “On Modesty,” in Sunday News (Dar-es-salaam) 27 November 1966.">3</a></div>
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I am surprised at the society which shows tolerance towards those who would like to go around topless but finds it difficult to tolerate a lady who by her own choice wants to observe <em>hijab</em>! According to Naheed Mustafa, a Canadian Muslim, “In the Western world, the <em>hijab</em> has come to symbolize either forced silence or radical, unconscionable militancy. Actually, it’s neither. It is simply a woman’s assertion that judgment of her physical person is to play no role whatsoever in social interaction. Wearing the <em>hijab</em>has given me the freedom from constant attention to my physical self. Because my appearance is not subjected to scrutiny, my beauty, or perhaps lack of it, has been removed from the realm of what can legitimately be discussed.”<a class="see-footnote" href="http://www.al-islam.org/hijab-muslim-womens-dress-islamic-or-cultural-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/why-hijab#footnote4_fndhun0" id="footnoteref4_fndhun0" style="color: #a15001; font-size: 0.9em; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: -0.25em; vertical-align: top;" title=" Mustafa, “My Body Is My Own Business,” Globe & Mail, 29th June 1993.">4</a></div>
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<em>Hijab</em> is not a symbol of oppression. Women are oppressed because of socio-economic reasons even in countries where women have never heard about <em>hijab</em>. On the contrary, the practice of displaying pictures of almost naked women in the commercials, billboards, and in the entertainment industry in the west is a true symbol of oppression.</div>
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Neither does the <em>hijab</em> prevent a woman from acquiring knowledge or from contributing to the betterment of human society. Historically women have also greatly contributed to Islam. Lady Khadijah, the first wife of the Prophet, played a significant role in the early history of Islam. A successful businesswoman in her own right, she was the first person to accept the message of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.). Her acceptance and faith were a great source of emotional support for the Prophet. She stood by her husband in the difficult days of early Islam, and spent her wealth for the promotion of the new religion.</div>
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The first Muslim person to be martyred in Muslim history was a woman by the name of Sumayya, the wife of Yasir and the mother of ‘Ammar. She was killed along with her husband for refusing to renounce Islam.</div>
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Lady Falimatu ’z-Zahra’, the daughter of Prophet Muhammad, was a beacon of light and a source of guidance for the women of her time. She faithfully stood by her husband, Imam ‘Ali, in his struggle for his right of caliphate, and strongly protested against the first violation of the right of inheritance for daughters in Islam.</div>
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One of the most important events in the early history of Islam was the event of Karbala, which was a protest led by Imam Husayn against the tyranny of Yazid. In that protest, the soldiers of Yazid massacred Husayn and about seventy-two of his supporters. It was Husayn’s sister, Zaynab, who continued the social protest and was very influential in bringing about the awakening among the people to stand up against the tyranny of the rulers. Zaynab greatly contributed to the factors that eventually brought about the downfall of the Umayyads.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">http://www.al-islam.org/hijab-muslim-womens-dress-islamic-or-cultural-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/why-hijab</span></span></div>
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gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-85442999029935979722014-06-29T08:45:00.000-07:002014-06-29T08:45:00.181-07:00ANZA Social Welfare Activities<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 13px;">
ANZA supports disadvantaged people in many areas of the community through the activities of its social welfare committee. All members of ANZA who have an interest in social welfare are welcome to join the committee, which meets monthly at ANZA House. Getting involved with these activities is a very interesting and rewarding experience, enabling expatriates to ‘give back’ a little to the local community. Involvement can take the form of hands-on help in the projects, raising funds or simply monitoring ongoing projects on a weekly or monthly basis. Several private companies and sporting teams have also chosen to help fund the activities of ANZA’s social welfare programme which includes extending a helping hand to the following:</div>
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<li>disadvantaged children through orphanages and schools in poor areas</li>
<li>elderly people, through kampung food kitchens (Indonesia’s equivalent of meals on wheels)</li>
<li>disabled people through institutions (for adult paraplegics, for blind and low vision children and for multiple-handicapped children)</li>
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<img align="left" alt="LDD school kids" height="232" hspace="10" src="http://www.expat.or.id/givingback/gbimages/anzalddkids.jpg" style="border: 0px;" vspace="10" width="350" />In addition, with extra funds ANZA is able to respond to many one-off genuine requests for help, such as building classrooms in poor schools and sanitation facilities in slum areas, purchasing supplies for emergency situations, purchase of school desks and equipment, and furniture and sports equipment for orphanages, or wheelchairs for disabled people who cannot afford them.</div>
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Opportunities for Private Sponsorship of Basic Schooling and Children’s Surgery</h3>
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ANZA also runs programs by which individuals or groups can help support the needs of children and young adults who cannot afford an education, and children whose families cannot afford desperately needed surgery.</div>
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The ANZA Student Sponsorship Program was initiated in 1988, and since then has been providing scholarships to allow many hundreds of children from poor families to remain in school, giving them a better future. Talented but needy university students are also helped to complete their education. The costs to sponsors are surprisingly low:</div>
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<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#FFCC33" valign="top" width="50%">Sponsorship Type</td><td align="center" bgcolor="#FFCC33" valign="top" width="50%">Amount Per Annum</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="50%">Primary School Student</td><td valign="top" width="50%"><div align="center">
Rp 950,000</div>
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<tr><td valign="top" width="50%">Junior High School Student</td><td valign="top" width="50%"><div align="center">
Rp 1,450,000</div>
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<tr><td valign="top">Senior High School Student</td><td valign="top"><div align="center">
Rp 1.750.000</div>
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<tr><td valign="top" width="50%">University Student</td><td valign="top" width="50%"><div align="center">
Rp 6,000,000</div>
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<img align="left" alt="Riyan - successful cleft palate operation" height="180" hspace="10" src="http://www.expat.or.id/givingback/gbimages/anzacleftpalate.jpg" style="border: 0px;" vspace="10" width="250" />If you are interested in sponsorsing a student or would like more information about the Student Sponsorship Program, please contact<a href="mailto:anzastudentsponsorship@gmail.com">anzastudentsponsorship@gmail.com</a>.</div>
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The ANZA Medical Sponsorship Program began in 1997 and since then has sponsored more than 1,000 operations for children from needy families. Poor children born with craniofacial problems such as cleft lips and palates or tumours, or who have suffered severe burns, can be given a new chance at life through an operation sponsored by caring people. Sponsors can choose their patient and will receive before and after photographs. The cost for a harelip or cleft palate repair is approximately Rp 5 million; while a combination harelip and cleft palate operation is around Rp 8,000,000 to Rp 12,000,000. Other more severe conditions may of course be more expensive.</div>
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If you would like to sponsor a medical operation, or would like more information about the Medical Sponsorship Program, please contact <a href="mailto:anzamedicalsponsorshipjkt@gmail.com">anzamedicalsponsorshipjkt@gmail.com</a></div>
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(http://www.expat.or.id/givingback/ANZAsocialwelfareactivities.html)</div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-1441487705763937452014-06-29T08:39:00.000-07:002014-06-29T08:39:41.521-07:00Makeup steps for party<h1 class="firstHeading" itemprop="name" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #222222; font-size: 35px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">How to Apply Makeup for a Fancy Party</span></h1>
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If you always struggle with applying make up for your fancy party, read below to find tips for the application to make you look beautified.</div>
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<li><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 25px;"><b class="whb" style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Moisturize your face.</b></span></span></li>
<li><b class="whb" style="color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Use a cream designated for pre-application use on your face to blot excess oil and soothe skin.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px;"> Select a color a tint lighter than your foundation. Make sure to blend with a makeup sponge. Dot under eyes.</span></li>
<li><b class="whb" style="color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Apply a discreet concealer to cover up blemishes and acne.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px;"> Choose a color with a similar hue to your skin.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Use a foundation to even out redness on skin.</b> Pick a shade as close as possible to your skin tone. Apply gently, so as to give your face a creamy, flawless appearance. Blend well with skin with sponge to apply to whole face.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Apply make up to your eyes.</b> Pick three eyeshadow colors: dark, medium, and light. To create a blended look, apply dark above top lashes in a slight line, thinly. Next use the medium shadow in the middle, touching the dark a little. The lightest shadow should be applied right under brows, giving the eyes a beautiful hue. Pick all shadows in the same color, but different shades.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Use a cake liner with a thin brush or a kohl pencil and line lower lid.</b> You do not need to line the whole way, two-thirds is enough. Line all the way across upper lid.</span></li>
<li><b class="whb" style="color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Apply mascara to upper and lower lashes.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px;"> Avoid clumps by applying in two coats, both thin. For dark hair, black or brown mascara works. For fair hair, use brown.Try to avoid using bright colored mascara (e.g. purple, blue), for a better overall look.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Smile, then apply a light rouge to the apples of your cheeks.</b> Apply very gently so as not to create an obvious spot of red. Brush in small circles. Make sure to not go too bright, for when you feel the need to blend, your blush has been applied too much.</span></li>
<li><b class="whb" style="color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Choose a lipstick color suited to your skin tone.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px;"> Apply lightly to both lips, then clamp lips together to get a more even look. Mixing textures and colors is fine.</span></li>
<li><b class="whb" style="color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Line lips thinly.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px;"> Avoid very light lipstick and dark lip-liner.</span></li>
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<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">(http://www.wikihow.com/Apply-Makeup-for-a-Fancy-Party)</span></span></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-20693208411984204272014-06-29T08:21:00.002-07:002014-06-29T08:21:55.552-07:00Ramadan Starts In Japan<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">We, at WWW.JapaneseMuslims.com, heartily want to extended our greetings on the occasion of the start of Ramadan 1435 in Japan and many other Muslim countries on Sunday. <span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666;">May this Ramadan bring you the</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666;">utmost in peace and prosperity not only in this world but also in the world hereafter. </span></span></div>
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On this great occasion, let’s not forget our Muslim brethren in all parts of the world who have been suffering in one way or the other. Please pray for them and, actually try to help them in whatever capacity you can to help lessen their sufferings as there are millions of Muslims out there who have become refugees or have some other kind of pain.</div>
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Ramadan is not a month of eating more than usual or spending wastefully on Iftar parties etc. but rather a time of the year to reflect upon our own deeds and think about the ways to get nearer to Allah and thus strengthen our Iman so that Allah becomes happy with us and rewards the best.</div>
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May Allah give guidance to our brothers and sisters in humanity so that they also get eternal happiness as we are Inshallah hoping and striving for. Please remember us in your prayers.</div>
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(http://www.japanesemuslims.com/ramadan-starts-japan/)</div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-57921082547086756302014-06-29T08:15:00.000-07:002014-06-29T08:15:08.928-07:00About Raja ampat Papua <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
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Located off the northwest tip of Bird's Head Peninsula on the island of New Guinea, in Indonesia's West Papua province, <b>Raja Ampat</b>, or the <i>Four Kings</i>, is anarchipelago comprising over 1,500 small islands, cays, and shoals surrounding the four main islands of Misool, Salawati, Batanta, and Waigeo, and the smaller island ofKofiau.</div>
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Raja Ampat Regency is a new regency which separated from Sorong Regency in 2004. It encompasses more than 40,000 km² of land and sea, which also containsCenderawasih Bay, the largest marine national park in Indonesia. It is a part of the newly named West Papua (province) of Indonesia which was formerly Irian Jaya. Some of the islands are the most northern pieces of land in the Australian continent.</div>
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<li><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">history</span></span></li>
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The name of Raja Ampat comes from local mythology that tells about a woman who finds seven eggs. Four of the seven eggs hatch and become kings that occupy four of Raja Ampat biggest islands whilst the other three become a ghost, a woman, and a stone.</div>
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History shows that Raja Ampat was once a part of Sultanate of Tidore, an influential kingdom from Maluku. Yet, after the Dutch invaded Maluku, it was shortly claimed by the Netherlands. The main occupation for people around this area is fishing since the area is dominated by the sea. They live in a small colony of tribes that spreads around the area. Although traditional culture still strongly exists, they are very welcoming to visitors. Their religion is dominantly Christian.</div>
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<li><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">geography </span></span></li>
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The oceanic natural resources around Raja Ampat give it significant potential as a tourist area. Many sources place Raja Ampat as one of their top ten most popular places for diving whilst it retains the number one ranking in terms of underwater biodiversity.</div>
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According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat area is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and East Timor. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, making Raja Ampat quite possibly the richest coral reef ecosystems in the world.</div>
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The area's massive coral colonies along with relatively high sea surface temperatures, also suggest that its reefs may be relatively resistant to threats like coral bleaching and coral disease, which now jeopardize the survival of other coral ecosystems around the world. The Raja Ampat islands are remote and relatively undisturbed by humans.</div>
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The high marine diversity in Raja Ampat is strongly influenced by its position between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, as coral and fish larvae are more easily shared between the two oceans. Raja Ampat's coral diversity, resilience, and role as a source for larval dispersal make it a global priority for marine protection.</div>
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1,508 fish species, 537 coral species (a remarkable 96% of all scleractinia recorded from Indonesia are likely to occur in these islands and 75% of all species that exist in the world), and 699 mollusk species, the variety of marine life is staggering. Some areas boast enormous schools of fish and regular sightings of sharks, such as wobbegongs.</div>
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Although accessing the islands is not that difficult, it takes some time. It takes six hours flight from Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia to Sorong. Then, taking a boat to reach the islands is necessary.</div>
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( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands )</div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-53810125431935524542014-06-29T07:58:00.001-07:002014-06-29T07:58:47.354-07:00Tips for New Managers<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">
Being promoted to a manager for the first time is one of the most challenging transitions a manager will ever have to navigate.</div>
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You’ve come to the right place! Here’s the advice I would give to any new manager, over a series of two meetings.</div>
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<strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">Tips 1-15</strong></div>
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<strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">1. Start getting ready <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">before</em> you get promoted.</strong><br />Granted, while in many cases it may be too late to prepare, it <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">shouldn’t</em> have been. There are lots of things an aspiring manager can do to get ready to be a manager, including on the job experiences, reading, taking courses, and learning from others. If you get offered a promotion and you’re not prepared, you’ve got nobody to blame but yourself.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">2. Recognize that it’s a new job.</strong><br />Even though you were most likely promoted within a function where you were the best engineer, you are no longer an engineer – you’re a manager. The good news is, you have a track record of success. <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">You know how to learn and succeed</em>, so don’t ever lose sight of that and don’t lose your mojo.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">3. Learn “Situational Leadership”.</strong><br />SL is a must-have leadership framework for any manager. Buy the book, take a course, or ask someone to teach it to you. It’s basically a model for figuring out how to manage each of your employees, depending on how much direction they need.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">4. Get to <em style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">really</em> know your employees.</strong><br />Spend time with each and every employee and get to know their jobs, career and development goals, hopes and dreams, strengths and weaknesses, likes and dislikes, the names of their children and pets, where they live, and anything else that’s important to them. Getting to know your employees builds a solid foundation of trust.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">5. Learn and practice active listening.</strong><br />If I had to pick just ONE skill, active listening would be the one I’d say is the most important skill to master as a leader.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">6. Let go of the details.</strong><br />Focus on the what, not the how. You’re not being paid to do your old job, or do your employee’s jobs.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">7. You’re the boss, not a “friend”.</strong><br />One of the most frequent mistakes new managers make is that they try to be friends with their employees. This is especially hard when you get promoted over your peers, and you have been friends as a peer. When you’re a manager, the relationship changes. You’re now in a position of power and authority, and being friends with one or more employees and not others will create perceptions of bias and favoritism. Yes, you can be friendly, but you’re better off keeping the relationship professional.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">8. You may be surprised to discover your former co-workers have some “issues”.</strong><br />New managers are often shocked to discover some of the performance and personal issues their boss was discreetly dealing with. Now, it’s your job to pick up where your boss left off.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">9. Learn to deal with performance issues.</strong><br />Your previous boss may have been sweeping issues under the rug, or perhaps in the middle of working with an employee. Either way, you’ll need to learn a consistent and effective way to deal with employee performance issues. Didn’t anyone tell you? It comes with the territory.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">10. Treat EVERY one of your employees with respect.</strong><br />Never, ever, ever waiver from this.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">11. Use the four magic words: “What do you think?”</strong><br />From management guru Tom Peters. Asking your employees for their ideas is the ultimate display of respect and empowers them to solve their own problems.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">12. Pay attention to your new team.</strong><br />While you may be the team leader of your team, you’re now a member of a brand new team – your manager’s management team. Managing sideways is just as important as managing up and down. From Team guru Patrick Lencioni.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">13. Be available and visible.</strong><br />Don’t let “I never see my boss” be how your employees describe you.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">14. Set up and maintain a schedule of regular one-on ones and team meetings.</strong><br />Then, treat these meetings as a top priority.<br /><br /><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">15. Embrace your role as a LEADER. </strong><br />This one’s not as obvious as it sounds. I managed employees for over 20 years before the light went on for me and I realized what an extraordinary and rewarding responsibility leadership could be. Don’t take it lightly.</div>
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( http://management.about.com/od/managementskills/fl/Tips-for-New-Managers-Part-1.htm )</div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-68719797574120097892014-06-29T07:51:00.000-07:002014-06-29T07:54:25.777-07:00The basics of Management and Managers<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">
What is management? What do managers do? How do I manage?</div>
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These are standard questions that most of us in the management profession have been asked more than once. And questions we asked once in our careers too. Here, then, is a basic look at management, a primer, Management 101 from my perspective.</div>
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<b>Art and Science</b><br />
Management is both art and science. It is the art of making people more effective than they would have been without you. The science is in how you do that. There are four basic pillars: plan, organize, direct, and monitor.</div>
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<b>Make Them More Effective</b><br />
Four workers can make 6 units in an eight-hour shift without a manager. If I hire you to manage them and they still make 6 units a day, what is the benefit to my business of having hired you? On the other hand, if they now make 8 units per day, you, the manager, have value.</div>
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The same analogy applies to service, or retail, or teaching, or any other kind of work. Can your group handle more customer calls with you than without? Sell higher value merchandise? Impart knowledge more effectively? etc. That is the value of management - making a group of individual more effective.</div>
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<b>Basic Management Skill #1: Plan</b><br />
Management starts with planning. Good management starts with good planning. And proper prior planning prevents… well, you know the rest of that one.</div>
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Without a plan you will never succeed. If you happen to make it to the goal, it will have been by luck or chance and is not repeatable. You may make it as a flash-in-the-pan, an overnight sensation, but you will never have the track record of accomplishments of which success is made.</div>
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Figure out what your goal is (or listen when your boss tells you). Then figure out the best way to get there. What resources do you have? What can you get? Compare strengths and weaknesses of individuals and other resources. Will putting four workers on a task that takes 14 hours cost less than renting a machine that can do the same task with one worker in 6 hours? If you change the first shift from an 8 AM start to a 10 AM start, can they handle the early evening rush so you don't have to hire an extra person for the second shift?</div>
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Look at all the probable scenarios. Plan for them. Figure out the worst possible scenario and plan for that too. Evaluate your different plans and develop what, in your best judgement, will work the best and what you will do if it doesn't.</div>
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<b>Basic Management Skill #2: Organize</b><br />
Now that you have a plan, you have to make it happen. Is everything ready ahead of your group so the right stuff will get to your group at the right time? Is your group prepared to do its part of the plan? Is the downstream organization ready for what your group will deliver and when it will arrive?</div>
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Are the workers trained? Are they motivated? Do they have the equipment they need? Are there spare parts available for the equipment? Has purchasing ordered the material? Is it the right stuff? Will it get here on the appropriate schedule?</div>
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Do the legwork to make sure everything needed to execute the plan is ready to go, or will be when it is needed. Check back to make sure that everyone understands their role and the importance of their role to the overall success.</div>
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<b>Basic Management Skill #3: Direct</b><br />
Now flip the "ON" switch. Tell people what they need to do. I like to think of this part like conducting an orchestra. Everyone in the orchestra has the music in front of them. They know which section is playing which piece and when. They know when to come in, what to play, and when to stop again. The conductor cues each section to make the music happen. That's your job here. You've given all your musicians (workers) the sheet music (the plan). You have the right number of musicians (workers) in each section (department), and you've arranged the sections on stage so the music will sound best (you have organized the work). Now you need only to tap the podium lightly with your baton to get their attention and give the downbeat.</div>
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<b>Basic Management Skill #4: Monitor</b><br />
Now that you have everything moving, you have to keep an eye on things. Make sure everything is going according to the plan. When it isn't going according to plan, you need to step in and adjust the plan, just as the orchestra conductor will adjust the tempo.</div>
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Problems will come up. Someone will get sick. A part won't be delivered on time. A key customer will go bankrupt. That is why you developed a contingency plan in the first place. You, as the manager, have to be always aware of what's going on so you can make the adjustments required.</div>
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This is an iterative process. When something is out of sync, you need to Plan a fix, Organize the resources to make it work, Direct the people who will make it happen, and continue to Monitor the effect of the change.</div>
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<b>Is It Worth It</b><br />
Managing people is not easy. However, it can be done successfully. And it can be a very rewarding experience. Remember that management, like any other skill, is something that you can improve at with study and practice.</div>
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( http://management.about.com/cs/generalmanagement/a/Management101.htm )</div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-37279584223419589972014-06-29T07:26:00.001-07:002014-06-29T07:28:11.053-07:0010 tips for job interview success<div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.799999237060547px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Job search techniques change, the labour market changes and job descriptions change. But what more or less stays the same is the job interview. It’s your chance to sell yourself. The first 30 seconds of a job interview are the most important – so if you want to be a cut above the rest you need to be on the ball. Rob Yeung, a business psychologist, maintains that an interview is all about the three Ps. “You need to prepare, you need to practise, and then, on the day, you need to perform.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Here are 10 tips for interview success.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b style="color: #333333;">1. First impressions count</b><br /><span style="color: #333333;">Greet your interviewer with a smile and firm handshake. Give eye contact. Try to make small talk during the walk from the reception area to the interview room. Liz Anderson, a</span> human resources<span style="color: #333333;"> manager says, “You have to sell yourself before you can sell anything else and the first 30 seconds are when the interviewer subconsciously makes decisions about whether they like you or not and whether you will fit into the team.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>2. Be prepared</b><br />Re-read your CV and the <span style="color: #0066cc;">job advert</span> just before the interview. Do your research thoroughly: Look at the company web site or obtain literature. You may be asked about the salary you are after so make sure you research that as well.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>3. Don’t waffle</b>Answer questions properly – even if you need a few moments’ silence to collect your thoughts. Anderson advises, “It’s better to say you need a minute to think about your answer rather than speak instantly and regret it afterwards.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>4. Why should they hire you?</b>Most job adverts will list qualities they’re looking for – a team worker, a good communicator – so it’s up to you to think of examples of how you can demonstrate these skills. Be ready to talk about your knowledge, experience, abilities and skills. Have at least three strong points about yourself that you can relate to the company and job on offer.<span id="more-2597"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>5. Be positive</b><br />Your interviewer will be thinking about what it would be like to work with you, so the last thing they’ll want to hear is you talking about your boss or current colleagues behind their back. Interviewers like to see someone who enjoys a challenge and is enthusiastic.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>6. Remember your body language</b><br />It is not what you say, but how you say it. During the interview, do not fold your arms and lean back or look to the floor! Sit upright and try to maintain good eye contact. Use your hands and lean forward when making a point. Many people cannot think and control their body language at the same time, which is why you need to prepare.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>7. Expect the unexpected</b><br />Your interviewer may try to catch you off guard: A survey by OfficeAngels has revealed that 90 per cent of employers ask ‘killer’ questions in interviews. It is impossible to plan for every difficult question, such as “How would your colleagues describe you?” but try to appear relaxed and in control. Ask the interviewer to repeat the question if necessary but do not evade it. Hopefully you will not befall the fate of those job candidates at B&Q who were asked to dance to “Blame it on the Boogie”!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>8. Develop rapport</b><br />Show energy, a sense of humour and smile. Jean Smith, a social anthropologist says: “It’s infectious, being positive and enthusiastic.” Ask your interviewer questions about themselves and any issues the business is facing.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>9. Clarify anything you are unsure of</b>If you are not certain what are meant by a particular question, ask for clarification. At the end, ask the interviewer if there is anything else he or she needs to know about. Do not be afraid to ask when you are likely to hear if you have been successful or not.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>10. Remember your manners</b>It is better to choose than to be chosen. Tell the interviewer why you are interested in the company and job opportunity. Ask them for a business card and follow it up by sending a “thank-you” e-mail or letter, saying how much you enjoyed meeting them and how interested you are. Take the opportunity to detail the key advantages you bring.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">( http://blog.careerbuilder.co.uk/2013/03/28/10-tips-for-job-interview-success/ )</span></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-33756303231640538662014-06-29T07:15:00.002-07:002014-06-29T07:15:40.993-07:00History of indonesia<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The <b>history of Indonesia</b> has been shaped by its geographic position, its natural resources, a series of human migrations and contacts, wars and conquests, as well as by trade, economics and politics. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Archipelago">archipelagic</a> country of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the equator in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Asia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>. The country's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade; trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. The area of Indonesia is populated by peoples of various migrations, creating a diversity of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Culture of Indonesia">cultures</a>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethnic groups of Indonesia">ethnicities</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Languages of Indonesia">languages</a>. The archipelago's landforms and climate significantly influenced agriculture and trade, and the formation of states. The boundaries of the state of Indonesia represent the twentieth century borders of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>.</div>
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Fossilised remains of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> and his tools, popularly known as the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Man" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>", suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited by at least 1.5 million years ago. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_people" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian people</a>, who form the majority of the modern population, are thought to have originally been from Taiwan and arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE. From the 7th century CE, the powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> naval kingdom flourished bringing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> influences with it. The agricultural Buddhist<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a> and Hindu <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a> dynasties subsequently thrived and declined in inland Java. The last significant non-Muslim kingdom, the Hindu <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdom, flourished from the late 13th century, and its influence stretched over much of Indonesia. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia_(1200_to_1600)" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600)">earliest evidence of Islamised populations</a> in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>; other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam which became the dominant religion in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Java">Java</a> and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences.</div>
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Europeans arrived in Indonesia from the 16th century seeking to monopolise the sources of valuable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloves" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubeb" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Cubeb">cubeb pepper</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>. In 1602 the Dutch established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) and became the dominant European power by 1610. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>under government control. By the early 20th century, Dutch dominance extended to the current boundaries. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies_campaign" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands East Indies campaign">Japanese invasion</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Indonesia" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Japanese Occupation of Indonesia">subsequent occupation</a> in 1942-45 during WWII ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, nationalist leader, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, declared independence and became president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish its rule, but a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesian National Revolution">bitter armed and diplomatic struggle</a> ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence.</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Transition to the New Order">An attempted coup</a> in 1965 led to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesian killings of 1965–66">a violent army-led anti-communist purge</a> in which over half a million people were killed. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Suharto">General Suharto</a> politically outmanoeuvred President Sukarno, and became president in March 1968. His <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order administration</a> garnered the favour of the West whose investment in Indonesia was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. In the late 1990s, however, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Financial_Crisis" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="East Asian Financial Crisis">East Asian Financial Crisis</a> which led to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution_of_1998" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesian Revolution of 1998">popular protests</a> and Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_(Indonesia)" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Reformation (Indonesia)"><i>Reformasi</i></a> era following Suharto's resignation, has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including a regional autonomy program, the secession of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, and the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_presidential_election,_2004" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesian presidential election, 2004">direct presidential election in 2004</a>. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, natural disasters, and terrorism have slowed progress. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas.</span></div>
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( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia )</div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-26477461560391287072014-06-03T09:55:00.000-07:002014-06-03T09:55:06.556-07:00JAKARTA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">JAKARTA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The JIS Story<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">With five original students, Jakarta International
School was founded by UN workers in 1951. These pioneers introduced relevant
schooling in English for children of expats in the newfound Republic of
Indonesia. From early days the school's international identity was clear. It
was originally named the Joint Embassy School (J.E.S.) after its British,
American, Australian and (then) Yugoslavian embassy partners. Just over a
decade later, in 1978, J.E.S. became J.I.S.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Today, with high expectations for standards based,
results oriented, engaged learning and a culture where students seek personal
excellence in every pursuit, JIS helps each community member become their best
to be best for the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">As JIS continues its over 60-year journey, we value
each decade and each learner whose personal story betters our own. With 2400
students, over 250 faculty and countless alumni and parents contributing daily
to the school's legacy and the world around us, we can only be encouraged,
humbled and motivated to keep learning together for the sake of our students'
borderless future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Moments In Time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">1950's<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">In August, 1951 the late Antoinette Stepanek’s house
and garden became the first classrooms of the school and the first students
were Joseph Stepanek, James Stepanek and Harsha Rao. Antoinette recalled this pioneering time,
“Even in so hot a climate as Indonesia’s, the early mornings are delightful,
and I can close my eyes now and relive those happy days when we were only a
handful doing lessons under the big trees or sitting on the cool tiles of our
living room to sing and paint.” It quickly became obvious that the school would
soon be bursting at the seams. “It seemed that every day yet another car would
sweep around the drive and a new arrival would be clamoring for admission.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">1960's<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Submit your Moment in Time from the '60s. See sidebar
for instructions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> 1970's<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Just after school began JIS was invited to put on an
international program on TVRI to celebrate United Nations Day using children
from many different nationalities. I was asked me to organize a program for the
TV show. The program was repeated in the school courtyard and that was the
beginning of the JIS United Nations Day tradition.In the ‘spring’ semester I
initiated Indonesia Day which became a tradition in the elementary school for
many years. Students sang Indonesian songs, played angklung, and learned
Indonesian dances. Everyone had to wear something Indonesian, and the
Indonesian teachers always looked beautiful in national dress. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">– Halimah Brugger, former JIS teacher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">1980's<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Submit your Moment in Time from the '80s. See sidebar
for instructions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">1990's<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">In 1999, after Soeharto fell from power, we did
“Marsinah” as our IASAS play. It was an
English-language premiere, and we were lucky to have the playwright, Ratna,
work with us. She had been jailed under
Soeharto for writing and performing this play.
We did a special showing in the FAT, which was attended by Megawati and students
from Trisakti University, where students had been killed by the police and were
martyrs for the revolution. We had a
full house that night, including the School Board, teachers, students and a
huge turnout from the Indonesian staff, who were clearly very proud that JIS
was doing this controversial play. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">It was one of those experiences that makes me believe
that the theatre can be magic. So can
JIS. We need to sometimes be reminded
that our host country has so much to offer us beyond the logistic support which
keeps our school running. And that we
have much to offer these people and their emerging democracy. This can happen in many places and many
ways. The strong commitment to the
performing arts her at JIS can and will continue to do so. -Tom Schulz, HS Drama Teacher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">2000's<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The devastation wrought by the Asian Tsunami in 2004
stirred the world-wide JIS alumni community to see JIS as
a conduit for an outpouring of charitable donations. This tragedy and
response provided the impetus for what came to be called JIS Cares/JIS Peduli. Jakarta International School’s almost 60
years of serving the Indonesian (and global) community, primarily through the
TAA (Tolong Anak Anak), as well as through class, club and community projects,
has provided bounteous energy, time and money, to help alleviate poverty in
Indonesia. More recently, a global imperative relating to environmental
stewardship has also focused our collective need on ensuring the sustainability
of our planet for future generations. - Trish Davies, Service Learning Coordinator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">2010's<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Submit your Moment in Time from 2010 and beyond. See
sidebar for instructions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">https://www.jisedu.or.id/story/welcome/moments/index.aspx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-24680086256535067482014-06-03T09:51:00.000-07:002014-06-03T09:51:33.118-07:002014 ELECTION<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">European elections results 2014: Farage
and Ukip top poll as Europe swings to the right<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Nigel Farage inflicted another body blow on the three
main political parties on Sunday night as Ukip scored a stunning victory in the
European Parliament elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The anti-EU party dramatically built on its success in
the local elections in England last Thursday when the results of the Euro poll
on the same day were announced. A jubilant Mr Farage hailed the outcome as “an
earthquake” because “never before in the history of British politics has a
party seen to be an insurgent party ever topped the polls in a national
election”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The Conservatives, Labour and Liberal Democrats
conceded that Ukip had come first, with just Northern Ireland left to declare
on Monday afternoon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">At 12.30pm it was confirmed that Ukip had taken its
first ever Scottish seat, taking the party's total to 24 - almost double the 13
seats it won in the last Euro elections in 2009. The result from Scotland was
delayed because the Western Isles local authority does not count votes on a
Sunday.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The Tories, who came first last time with 25 seats,
have suffered the humiliation of dropping to third place for the first time
ever in a national election. They secured just under 24 per cent of the vote,
losing six seats.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Labour claimed victories in Wales, the North East and
North West of England and London to take 25.4 per cent of the vote, and with
two seats in Scotland increased its number of MEPs by nine to 20.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">But the Liberal Democrats suffered a disastrous
result, falling to an embarrassing fifth place behind the Green Party amid
increasing grassroots pressure on Nick Clegg to stand down as party leader.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Lib Dem fears of a total wipeout were raised when they
lost their seat in the one-time stronghold of the South West. Sir Graham
Watson, president of the Liberal group in the European Parliament, was ousted
by the Greens. However, they avoided the worst humiliation by winning one seat
in the South East. Nationally, the Greens added a single seat to take three
overall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Across the EU, nationalist and Eurosceptic parties
made big gains amid predictions that they would double their strength in the
European Parliament. In France, Marine Le Pen's Front National topped a nationwide poll for the first time
in its history, with the anti-immigrant party predicted to take 25 per cent of
the vote and win as many as 24 seats in the European Parliament.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Ms Le Pen said France had “shouted loud and clear”
that it wanted to be run “by the French, for the French and with the French”
and not by “foreign commissioners” in Brussels. Manuel Valls, France’s
Socialist Prime Minister, said the victory was “more than a shock, it's an
earthquake”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Turnout across the EU was estimated at 43.1 per cent,
in line with the previous Euro elections
five years ago.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">In Belgium, the separatist New Flemish Alliance was
tipped to receive nearly a third of votes cast in the Dutch-speaking region of
Flanders. In Austria, the far right Freedom Party was forecast to win a fifth
of the votes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-elections-results-2014-sweeping-gains-for-nigel-farages-ukip-deal-further-body-blow-to-main-parties-9434042.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-66426749059581723692014-06-03T09:47:00.002-07:002014-06-03T09:47:44.462-07:00GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia is continually
facing the wave of computerization, this happened to be the answer of a
question about the needs of computer education for the nation. Hence, in August
7th 1981 a computer education program was launched by the name of Computer
Science Education Program. This program provides not only a course deals with
computer utilization but also a high education institution that deepen the
knowledge of computer science.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The proof showed an improvement,
thus, a foundation of Mathematics Research Operation and System Analyst
Development was formed to accommodate Computer Science Education Program that
later turned out to be Indonesia Computer Science Academy.<br />
The road to perfection hadn’t stopped yet; the academy was raising level to a
High School. For the intention, the school must have the same name as the
Foundation’s that runs it.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eventually by the date of August
14th 1984, Kopertis III consolidated the name Gunadarma Computer and
Informatics Management High School (STMIK Gunadarma) along with the name of
Gunadarma Education Foundation.<br />
The name of “Gunadarma” was chosen the inspirational thoughts of an architect
that built one of “Seven World of wonder”, that is Borobudur Temple, by the era
of Syailendra dynasty. More over, Gunadarma means also a sincere intention of
dedication to the society through a high school.<br />
STMIK Gundarma was located in Jalan Salemba Raya 53, Jakarta. A year after the
consolidation, Department of Education and Culture gave a status of “terdaftar”
(listed) to STMIK Gunadarma through a decree of Minister of Education and
Culture number 0424/0/1985 for Diploma 3 and Strata 1 title, in October 5th
1985.<br />
The world of computer education that infects business world has proven to be
interesting for public. The enthusiasm made the campus could not accommodate
any longer until finally STMIK Gunadarma opened its new campus in Pondok Cina,
Depok. More over, the quality of education was improved to accommodate public
demands. This achievement brought STMIK Gunadarma into the status of
“disamakan” (equalized) through the decree of Minister of Education and Culture
number 0490/0/1989 in August 1989.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The success doesn’t stop here;
the foundation produced another high school named Gunadarma Economic High
School (STIE Gunadarma) in January 13th 1990 with its main program is Economic
Science divided into the majors of Management and Accounting emphasized in
computer application.<br />
By the decree of General Director of DIKTI number 92/Kep/Dikti/1996 dated April
3rd 1996, these two high schools were merged into GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY.<br />
This merger was intended to create a huge basis to anticipate the future by
producing professional, reliable successors in the basis of information
technology for the nation facing the globalization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://www.facebook.com/pages/GUNADARMA-UNIVERSITY/46326589818?sk=info<o:p></o:p></span></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-91468305868951387422014-06-03T09:44:00.002-07:002014-06-03T09:44:33.260-07:00KALIMALANG RIVER<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kalimalang river<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">History
rivers in Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(“That
old, river women with river men were never together, only now the only
unification”). That’s what my grandmother described when telling stories about
Bekasi rivers and Tarum Barat river or commonly known as Kalimalang. Bekasi
river water with heavy snaking roads dashing like a snake from the upstream to
the south in the mountains in Bogor up to its mouth in the North Sea Java,
identified with the male figure. Moderate time artificial Tarum Barat river
(Kalimalang) are so quiet flowing water from the reservoir to the east to the
west in Bekasi and Jakarta, depicted with female figures. Originally Kalimalang
water with river water Bekasi told “can not dikawinin” (“do not mix”), whereas
the two streams met in the Bekasi area, precisely at Jalan Hasibuan sluice. Of
course if anyone thinks with logic, it is impossible if at the confluence of
two streams, the water of the two streams are not fused. But we can think the
upside of the doubt if you read the news about the “Watershed Bekasi and
Kalimalang Will split”, the word around November 2009 are reported both in
print and online media at that time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Two
reasons the separation of these two streams, the first to address the flood
from Bogor, the worst flooding occurred in 2002 and 2007. And the second reason
Kalimalang save water as the water source of raw water for the people of
Jakarta and Bekasi. I remember back when the story was not intentionally doing
imaging with Google Map, at the time of imaging with a scale of 20 meters above
the river at the confluence with Kalimalang Bekasi, the flow of Kalimalang
(female river) as it did not want to unite with the Bekasi river flow (times
the male ), Bekasi river flow that is wider and since the beginning of this
year so swift flowing from Bogor (whereas in the dry season), as succumbing to
flow Kalimalang smaller and quieter water flow. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bekasi
River, from the past until now Based on data from archaeological history,
Bekasi river has existed in the 5th century BC, precisely at the time of the
Kingdom Tarumanegara estimated to be around Bekasi. The data contained in the
inscription of the monument that was first discovered in 1878 in a scientific
manner Tugu village, Cilincing, Bekasi (since the 1970s Cilincing into the
Jakarta area). The contents of the inscription describes excavations Candrabaga
River (Bhagasasi = Bhagasi = Bekasi) by Rajadirajaguru and excavation Gomati
River by Purnawarman in year 22 of his reign. If we believe the sources of
ancient history, we can calculate the age of the Bekasi river where the past
and present. The existence of this river has a long story, a silent witness of
human civilization over the centuries. This country since the country formerly
known as fertile with melipah wealth. Because the soil is fertile, the people
cultivate the land by farming, farming, or gardening as a source of life. Water
certainly be one source of livelihood for humans, animals and plants, and other
benefits as a source of irrigation or irrigation fields. Tugu inscription that
tells of the kings of the river digging Tarumanegara imply meaning how leaders
pay attention to water as the needs of its people. For rice, the river is a
source of irrigation water supply to it. Illustrated how irrigation technology
in the future by utilizing the flow of water from the river for human needs,
both for daily needs as well as a source for planting. As soon as the
authorities concerned will be processing and utilization of water as a gift
from the Creator immeasurably, thus serve as a source of water and livelihood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Take
a look at the area of agriculture, where there is a good flow of water from
small streams or large, there is no rice fields. Stated another first today, if
the first flow of water in the river as a gift now instead become a source of
calamity or disaster. River is now the cause of the flooding, the water is
polluted by industrial wastes and household, so dangerous to living things.
With industrial production budget saving reasons, the flow of the river used as
a waste dump, toxic waste and even can damage the river ecosystem
sustainability, including animals, plants and humans. Landfills or household
waste to be one of the root causes of floods. That’s the way it is now.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(http://oden.wordpress.com/2014/01/24/history-rivers-in-jakarta/)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-34256591841029917672014-06-03T09:39:00.002-07:002014-06-03T09:39:43.226-07:00<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TRANS JAKARTA (BUS WAY)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 15pt 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Jakarta’s
busway: A story<br />
of missed opportunities <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<u><span style="color: #666666; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andre Sinaga, Jakarta | Opinion <o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yet
another fire on a Transjakarta bus last Saturday, June 2, only served to
highlight the deficiencies that remain in Jakarta’s rapid bus service, commonly
known as the “busway”. No one was hurt when the bus caught fire near the Hotel
Indonesia traffic circle but it is symbolic of what the busway has become: A
story of missed opportunities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Theoretically,
Jakarta’s busway network was an excellent idea in the effort to reduce traffic
congestion in the city. The inefficiency, poor quality and unattractiveness of
public buses in Jakarta is certainly one cause of the high number of private
cars on Jakarta’s roads. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hence,
creating a dedicated lane to rapid, air-conditioned buses was thought to reduce
traffic congestion by drawing commuters away from their cars and onto the
busway.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
practice however, the busway — launched for the first time on Jan. 15, 2004 —
has failed to significantly reduce Jakarta’s traffic congestion. Rather, it has
contributed to further congestion by taking up an entire lane on the road. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
would be fine if buses were constantly using the lane but the presence of a
Transjakarta bus is so rare that people are often surprised when one speeds
past. Furthermore, the complex and intricate roads of Jakarta mean that many
busway lanes are awkwardly rechanneled back into the main road, causing further
congestion and slowing down the supposedly rapid nature of <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the
busway.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Detailed
analysis of Transjakarta routes also highlights further issues. Corridor 8, the
route going north through Pondok Indah and past the Gandaria City mall, is not
connected to Corridor 1, the route passing through the central business
district Sudirman-Thamrin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since
the central business district is the destination for a considerable portion of
commuters and a great deal of commuters also reside in South Jakarta, it begs
the question why Corridors 8 and 1 are not connected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
addition, the safety of Transjakarta buses is highly questionable. An official
in an article by The Jakarta Post on Monday, June 4, 2012, noted that 10
Transjakarta buses had caught fire in less than a year. This is certainly a
factor discouraging users from the busway. It also damages the reputation of
this city. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
busway could have been a symbol of a modern Jakarta, a city that now has an
effective public bus service like other cities in developed countries. Rather,
incidents such as the fire that occurred near the Hotel Indonesia traffic
circle — one of the most iconic areas of Jakarta — only show how far Jakarta is
from being a truly modern city to many people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Most
importantly, however, the lack of coordination between various public bus
companies in Jakarta negates any advantage the busway might have. Despite the
fact that an entire lane is dedicated for the busway, other public buses still
occupy the main road. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
is nonsensical. Slow and cumbersome public buses, which stop to pick up and
drop off passengers anywhere and at anytime are a significant factor to traffic
congestion. For the busway to have been effective, public buses serving the
same routes as Transjakarta buses should have been reassigned to other areas or
retired. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
ensures that passengers are filtered into using the busway as well as reducing
traffic congestion on the road. As can be seen by the vast presence of public
buses clogging up the main road however, this has not occurred.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hence,
the first of several reforms required to create a more effective busway is for
Transjakarta to coordinate with other public bus companies. Discussions and
firm decision of the Jakarta administration should occur with the aim of
reassigning non-Transjakarta buses away from busway routes. This is especially
pertinent in areas where passengers without access to the busway are boarding
buses that have the same destination as the busway.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Instead,
these non-Transjakarta buses should carry their passengers to the nearest
busway station. This optimizes the public bus system in Jakarta by making it
much more efficient, helping to reduce congestion. One possible scenario is
non-Transjakarta buses ferrying passengers from the unconnected Corridor 8 to
Corridor 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Political
barriers are present in the above suggestion. Job losses will admittedly occur
as redundant non-Transjakarta buses are retired from service. Compromise and
negotiations must therefore occur to achieve an optimum result that minimizes
job losses while also increasing efficiency. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Moreover,
it is unclear if an authority exists that can reassign routes for public buses
in Jakarta. If none exists, one should be made. Public buses serve the public
in such a way that is non-exclusive as they occupy public roads and hence a
government body that specifically organizes Jakarta’s public bus system is
necessary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
busway must increase its frequency in order to be truly rapid. This will be
beneficial to passengers and will serve as a justification for allocating an
entire lane to the busway. In order to be rapid, however, busway lanes must be
reconsidered in places where the lane is reintroduced into the main road.
Often, this causes a bottleneck and congestion and thus the busway route must
be redesigned to avoid this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
safety of Transjakarta buses must also be raised to avoid embarrassing fire
incidents. This will increase the attractiveness of the busway, helping to
increase passenger numbers, which will in turn increase the rapidity of the
busway. It will also improve the tarnished image of Jakarta as a modern city
through an effective and highly desirable public bus system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Several
other suggestions on how to improve the busway exist. The idea of a busway is
fantastic and could potentially play a major role in reducing traffic congestion
in Jakarta for good. Officials and authorities must act now to prevent the
busway from continuing its sad tale of missed opportunities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(</span><a href="http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/06/09/jakarta-s-busway-a-story-missed-opportunities.html"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/06/09/jakarta-s-busway-a-story-missed-opportunities.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-19816822062149289142014-06-03T09:19:00.000-07:002014-06-03T09:23:31.900-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbqwLEs5o6p1iewMUjsEOSymXG04C-iA5s7htTR1OzfanNdWqbJxuLr4vwp_y_ViQmB8NG6j7nvj3QiCrWu4yx3WK-_Jv7psaa22BCocTVVqJ9dxEh5jaZPtPDzbpSrEqDDefInzwtdQ0/s1600/C360_2014-06-02-11-23-23-013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbqwLEs5o6p1iewMUjsEOSymXG04C-iA5s7htTR1OzfanNdWqbJxuLr4vwp_y_ViQmB8NG6j7nvj3QiCrWu4yx3WK-_Jv7psaa22BCocTVVqJ9dxEh5jaZPtPDzbpSrEqDDefInzwtdQ0/s1600/C360_2014-06-02-11-23-23-013.jpg" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tugas kelompok sofstskill bahasa inggris bisnis 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nama :
Andreas Kevin (10210738)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Gita anggeliya (19210806)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Shenna Angelina adam ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TOEFL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PENGERTIAN TOEFL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TOEFL adalah
singkatan dari Test Of English as a Foreign Language (Test Bahasa Inggris
sebagai bahasa asing), yang diorganisir oleh sebuah lembaga di Amerika Serikat
yang bernama ETS ( Educational Testing Service ). TOEFL ini penting untuk
teman-teman yang ingin belajar atau menuntut ilmu untuk bersekolah di luar
negeri. TOEFL ini merupakan indikator untuk memastikan teman-teman yang berasal
bukan dari negara yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris, agar dapat mengikuti
perkuliahan dengan baik di negara yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris. TOEFL ini
digunakan untuk memastikan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Memastikan bahwa
mahasiswa tersebut memahami uraian yang diberikan dosen dalam bahasa Inggris
(listening skill).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mahasiswa
memahami buku-buku textbook yang diwajibkan (reading skill).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mahasiswa mampu
membuat tulisan ilmiah dengan tatabahasa yang benar (writing & grammar
skill).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Untuk dapat
diterima di negara-negara Barat, calon mahasiswa harus memiliki standar nilai
TOEFL yang sudah ditetapkan oleh masing-masing universitas di negara-negara
Barat tersebut. Misalnya TOEFL score minimal untuk negara-negara di Eropa
adalah 500 (minimum), TOEFL score untuk di Australia adalah 500 (minimum),
sedangkan TOEFL score untuk negara-negara di Amerika adalah disyaratkan 550
(minimum).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PERLUASAN
PENGGUNAAN & PERKEMBANGAN TOEFL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Seiring
perkembangan zaman, bahkan negara-negara yang bahasa ibunya bukan bahasa
Inggris, seperti Jepang, Korea, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, dll mensyaratkan
TOEFL Score tertentu bagi calon mahasiswanya, baik yang datang dari dalam
negeri, apalagi jika berasal dari luar negeri. Di Indonesia, TOEFL bahkan
digunakan juga untuk:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Persyaratan bagi
penerimaan karyawan baru di instansi pemerintah, perusahaan pemerintah dan
swasta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Syarat penerimaan
mahasiswa baru untuk jenjang S2 dan S3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Syarat pengajuan
beasiswa, baik dari pemerintah maupun swasta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TOEFL sendiri
sudah beberapa kali mengalami penyempurnaan oleh lembaga penyelenggaranya, ETS.
Bentuk-bentuk TOEFL Test yang pernah diperkenalkan ke publik yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. TOEFL Paper
Based Test <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Terdiri atas 3
section :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Listening,
Structure, and Reading.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Maximum Score :
677.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. TOEFL Computer
Based Test <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Terdiri dari 4
Section :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Listening,
Structure,Reading, Writing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Maximum Score :
300.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. TOEFL Internet
Based Test <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Terdiri dari 4 section
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Listening,
Reading, Writing, Speaking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Maximum score :
120.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Untuk keperluan
pra-seleksi ataupun keperluan intern suatu lembaga, maka ETS sebagai lembaga
pengembang dan penyelenggara tes TOEFL juga menyelenggarakan TOEFL ITP
(Institutional Testing Programme). Jumlah soal dan tingkat kesulitan TOEFL ITP
tidak berbeda dengan Paper Based Test TOEFL maupun Computer Based Test TOEFL,
karena memang soal-soal yang digunakan pada TOEFL ITP adalah soal tes TOEFL
yang telah pernah digunakan sebelumnya. Perbedaan yang perlu diketahui oleh
mereka yang merencanakan mengikuti tes TOEFL adalah bahwa skor yang diperoleh
dari TOEFL ITP dalam pengunaannya terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perguruan tinggi
di Amerika, misalnya, hanya akan menerima skor yang diperoleh dari Paper Based
Test TOEFL atau Computer Based Test TOEFL. Selain TOEFL ITP, juga ada TOEFL
Prediction yang biasanya digunakan untuk memperkirakan skor TOEFL seseorang
“sebelum” yang bersangkutan mengikuti tes TOEFL lainnya (Paper Based Test
TOEFL, Computer Based Test TOEFL, TOEFL ITP). Jenis tes TOEFL Prediction ini
pada umumnya diselenggarakan oleh lembaga atau pusat bahasa atau tempat-tempat
kursus yang menyelenggarakan pelatihan TOEFL.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(http://asharemore.blogspot.com/2013/06/pengertian-dan-kegunaan-test-toefl-test.html)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">DEFINISI
TEFL</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2018" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2024"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2023"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2017"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Mengajar
Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing (TEFL) mengacu pada pengajaran bahasa
Inggris kepada siswa yang bahasa pertamanya bukan bahasa Inggris. TEFL biasanya
terjadi di negara siswa sendiri, baik dalam sistem sekolah negeri, atau pribadi
di sekolah setelah jam-bahasa atau dengan tutor. Guru TEFL mungkin penutur asli
atau non-asli bahasa Inggris.</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">TEKNIK MENGAJAR</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2066" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">•Reading<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2065"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">TEFL
yang menggunakan sastra yang ditujukan untuk anak-anak dan remaja meningkat
popularitasnya . Literatur berorientasi pemuda menawarkan bahan sederhana (
" pembaca disederhanakan " diproduksi oleh penerbit besar ) , dan
sering memberikan gaya yang lebih percakapan dari sastra untuk orang dewasa .
Sastra anak-anak pada khususnya kadang-kadang memberikan isyarat halus untuk
pengucapan , melalui berima dan kata lain bermain . Salah satu metode untuk
menggunakan buku-buku ini adalah teknik multiple -pass . Instruktur membaca
buku , berhenti sering untuk menjelaskan kata-kata dan konsep-konsep tertentu .
Pada pass kedua , instruktur membaca buku sepenuhnya melalui tanpa henti.<br />
<br />
•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">engajaran</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">ahasa Komunikatif<br />
Komunikatif pengajaran bahasa ( CLT ) menekankan interaksi baik sebagai sarana
dan tujuan akhir dari belajar bahasa . Meskipun sejumlah kritik , terus menjadi
populer , terutama di Jepang , Taiwan , dan Eropa .<br />
Berbasis tugas belajar bahasa ( TBLL ) pendekatan CLT telah memperoleh tanah
dalam beberapa tahun terakhir . Para pendukung percaya CLT penting untuk
mengembangkan dan meningkatkan berbicara , menulis, mendengarkan , dan
keterampilan membaca , dan bahwa mencegah siswa hanya mendengarkan secara pasif
kepada guru tanpa interaksi . Dogme adalah pendekatan komunikatif yang sama
yang mendorong mengajar tanpa buku teks yang diterbitkan , tetapi sebaliknya
berfokus pada komunikasi percakapan antara peserta didik dan guru</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">•<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">elajar Blended<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Blended learning adalah kombinasi pengajaran dan
interaksi secara online face-to - face ( juga dikenal sebagai PANGGILAN atau
pembelajaran bahasa dengan bantuan komputer ) , dicapai melalui lingkungan
belajar virtual ( VLE ) .<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2060" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2059"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">VLEs
telah menjadi titik pertumbuhan utama dalam industri ELT selama lima tahun
terakhir. Ada dua jenis :<br />
• platform eksternal host bahwa sekolah atau lembaga ekspor konten untuk (
misalnya, proprietary Tools Web Course , atau open source Moodle )<br />
• Content - disediakan , platform pembelajaran kursus yang dikelola ( misalnya
Kampus Macmillan English )<br />
Mantan menyediakan struktur pra-desain dan alat-alat , sedangkan yang kedua
mendukung program pembangunan oleh bahasa sekolah - guru dapat berbaur program
yang ada dengan permainan , kegiatan , mendengarkan latihan , dan unit
referensi tata bahasa yang terkandung online. Hal ini mendukung kelas ,
belajar-sendiri atau praktek terpencil ( misalnya di warnet ).</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2062" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">•kelas<span class="apple-converted-space"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2063"> </span></span>online<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2061"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Kemajuan
teknologi memungkinkan untuk mendapatkan kualifikasi TEFL online. Siswa dapat
mendaftarkan diri ke dalam kelas online yang diakreditasi oleh organisasi
seperti Accreditat . Perlu dicatat bahwa tidak ada badan akreditasi menyeluruh
tunggal untuk TEFL . [ 5 ] Bahan pelajaran dibagi menjadi modul . Mahasiswa
mengambil satu atau beberapa tes per modul belajar. Dukungan ditangani oleh
tutor , yang dapat dihubungi melalui email. Setelah berhasil menyelesaikan
modul terakhir siswa diberikan sertifikat . Muncul dalam bentuk digital atau
dapat dikirimkan ke alamat siswa . Mendapatkan sertifikat tersebut dapat
bermanfaat dalam banyak cara . Siswa bisa mendapatkan gaji yang lebih besar
atau mengajar bahasa Inggris di luar negeri .</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">KUALIFIKASI UNTUK GURU TEFL</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2057" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2058"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Persyaratan
kualifikasi bervariasi dari satu negara ke negara dan kalangan pengusaha di
negara yang sama . Dalam banyak lembaga adalah mungkin untuk mengajar tanpa
gelar atau sertifikat mengajar . Beberapa lembaga akan menganggap perlu untuk
menjadi pembicara asli dengan MA TESOL . Sebuah gelar sarjana dalam bahasa
Inggris dan sastra juga bisa menjadi nilai , karena memang bisa salah gelar
spesialis . Lembaga lain mempertimbangkan bukti kemampuan bahasa Inggris , gelar
Universitas dan kualifikasi mengajar dasar untuk menjadi lebih dari cukup.
Namun, tingkat kualifikasi akademik tidak perlu kualifikasi yang paling penting
, karena banyak sekolah akan lebih tertarik pada keterampilan interpersonal
Anda . Untuk pelatih yang ingin memasuki bidang akademik , publikasi dapat
menjadi sama pentingnya dengan kualifikasi , terutama jika mereka berhubungan
dengan penggunaan bahasa Inggris di bidang Anda . Dimana ada permintaan yang
tinggi untuk guru dan tidak ada persyaratan hukum , pengusaha dapat menerima
calon dinyatakan tidak memenuhi syarat . Setiap negara berbeda , dan penerimaan
tergantung pada permintaan untuk guru bahasa Inggris dan pengajaran dan
kehidupan sebelumnya pengalaman guru .</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Sebagai aturan umum sekolah akan cenderung memilih
kualifikasi yang melibatkan sejumlah besar pengajaran dinilai : sering
dikatakan bahwa " Belajar mengajar tanpa kelas praktek adalah seperti
belajar mengemudi tanpa pernah menghadapi lalu lintas " kursus pendek dan
kursus online . sering kekurangan dinilai praktik mengajar . Pembuat Course
telah mengetahui dan telah mulai memperkenalkan program TEFL gabungan yang
memiliki unsur pengajaran yang dinilai .</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Beberapa fasilitas pendidikan kini menawarkan dua atau
tiga sertifikat yang didefinisikan dengan baik bukan satu sertifikat umum .
Sebagai contoh, ILT ( Pengantar Pengajaran Bahasa ) - 40 jam , PLT ( Praktek
Pelatihan Bahasa ) - 30 jam , dan Melek - 30 jam .<br />
Sekolah bahasa swasta cenderung membutuhkan setidaknya sertifikat berdasarkan
berhasil menyelesaikan kursus yang terdiri dari minimal 100 jam . Program besar
seperti EPIK akan menawarkan gaji yang lebih tinggi kepada para guru yang telah
menyelesaikan setiap TEFL Course , online atau sebaliknya , asalkan program
memenuhi persyaratan minimum 100 jam . Kursus TEFL berbasis internet yang
berlaku umum di seluruh dunia , dan terutama di Asia , di mana pasar pekerjaan
terbesar ada di China , Korea , Taiwan dan Jepang .</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2055" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2056"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Persyaratan
usia / jenis kelamin mungkin juga ditemui . Di beberapa negara di luar Eropa
dan Amerika , misalnya Timur Tengah , sekolah bisa menyewa laki-laki atas
perempuan atau sebaliknya . Dan mereka mungkin hanya mempekerjakan guru dalam
rentang usia tertentu ; biasanya antara 20 dan 40 tahun . Siapapun di bawah 19
mungkin dapat mengajar TEFL , tetapi biasanya hanya dalam situasi relawan ,
seperti sebuah kamp pengungsi .</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2054" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_foreign_language" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1401809427896_2050">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_foreign_language</span></span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="yiv3154889801msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">TOEIC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt;">TOEIC<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Sebenarnya TOEIC itusamaseperti TOEFL dan IELTS,
hanyasajakalau TOEIC lebihspesifikfungsinya. TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) adalah tes keahlian
berbahasa inggris untuk orang-orang yang bahasa ibunya bukan bahasa inggris.TOEIC
itu sendiri terdiri dari 2 ujianya itu listening dan reading.
Range nilainya mulai dari 10 sampai 990. Tes TOEIC dapat mengukur kemampuan berbahasa
inggris untuk individu yang dalam kesehariannya bekerja di lingkungan
international.Nilai- nilainya menunjukkan seberapa baik seseorang dapat berkomunikasi
dalam bahasa inggris dengan individu lainnya dalam komunikasi umum, termasuk di
lingkup pendidikan, bisnis, perdagangan, dan industry.Tes ini tidak memerlukan pengetahuan
khusus atau istilah yang tidak umum yang digunakan orang dalam aktivitasnya sehari-hari.Tes
TOEIC adalah tespilihanganda yang berlangsung selama dua jam yang terdiri dari
200 pertanyaan yang dibagimenjadiduasesi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Listening section</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">: sesi ini menguji
seberapa baik kita dapat memahami pembicaraan dalam bahasa inggris. Sesi ini terdiri
dari dari 4 bagian dan berisi 100 pertanyaan yang diputar pada sebuah kaset atau
CD. Kita akan diminta untuk menjawab pertanyaan berdasarkan pada bermacam-macam
pertanyaan, dialog singkat, dan percakapan singkat yang direkam dalam bahasa inggris.
Total waktunya adalah 45 menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Reading section</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">: dalam sesi ini
akan terdapat 3 bagian yang menguji seberapa baik anda dapat memahami bacaan dalam
bahasa inggris. Kita akan membaca berbagai macam materi dan melakukan pengaturan
waktu secara pribadi dalammenjawab 100 pertanyaanberdasarkanisidarimateri yang
disediakanuntukkita. Total waktu nya adalah 75 menit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"> Kita
akan menjawab pertanyaan tes ini dengan cara menghitamkan salah satu huruf
(A),(B),(C),(D) dengan pensil pada lembar jawaban yang terpisah. Walaupun waktu
yang tersedia diperkirakan selama dua jam, waktu tambahan memang diperlukan untuk
menyelesaikan daftar pertanyaan dan biodata peserta dalam lembar jawaban.Karenanya,
kita harus meluangkan menyiapkan kira-kira 2,5 jam untuk mengikuti tes ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Banyak sekali orang – orang dari berbagai institusi yang
mengikuti tes ini mulai dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Karyawan
atau staf yang menggunakan bahasa inggris dalam berbagai lingkungan kerja seperti
kantor–kantor pemerintah, bisnis, hotel, rumah sakit, restoran, pertemuan internasional,
konferensi, dan program olahraga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Staf manajemen,
sales, dan karyawan bagian teknik dalam bisnis internasional, perdagangan dan
industry yang membutuhkan bahasa inggris dalampekerjaan mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Para
calon peserta pelatihan yang akan dilakukan dalam bahasa inggris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Para
individu yang sedang mengikuti program pelatihan bahasa inggris atau pun kepentingan
pengajuan beasiswa dan visa keluar negeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Para
pelajar atau mahasiswa untuk mengukur kemajuan dalam proses belajar, syarat kelulusan,
dan juga kelengkapan dalam memasuki dunia kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"> Pertanyaannya adalah
kenapa kita harus mengikuti tesTOEIC ?jawabannya adalah tes TOEIC telah menjadi
pilihan bagi lebih dari 6 juta peserta tes setiap tahunnya dan diakui oleh
10.000 organisasi di dunia. Sebagai sebuah alat ukur yang akurat dan obyektif dalam
mengukur kemampuan berbahasa inggris, tes TOEIC ini akan memungkinkan kita untuk
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Membuktikan
tingkat kemampuan kita yang sebenarnya dalam berbahasa inggris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Memenuhi
persyaratan untuk jabatan baru dan atau promosi di dalam perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Penegasan/bukti
atas tingkat profesionalitas kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Memonitor
perkembangan kita dalam berbahasa inggris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Mengatur
tujuan belajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefefe; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Melibatkan
perusahaan dalam memajukan kemampuan bahasa inggris kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Sumber: <span style="background: #FEFEFE;">singgih-mardiyono.blogspot.com</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-43334328696762778472014-04-23T09:50:00.000-07:002014-04-23T09:50:29.852-07:00Tugas bahasa inggris bisnis 2<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tugas bahasa
inggris bisnis 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">George Mikes in “How to be an
Alien” wrote in a humorous way about these typical features of the English,
which are reflected in the use of the language: “The English have no soul, they
have understatement instead”. Understatement in proposing, according to George
Mikes, “takes the form of “I say… would you". If it is an indecent
proposal it is "I say… what about…".</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Asking about price</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">One day I want
buy a cloth in department store. Good morning,sir.i want to buy a cloth. That is
a red one . how much does it cost,sir ?..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">He’s
said to me ,morning,it costs
fifty thousand rupiahs. I think that very expensive ,sir. may I offer twenty
five thousand, sir ?if you may I rise two thouasand , you may or not ?, finally
he’s agree .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">He ask , ok I agree get it please ..but
next time you come back in here again.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Talking about rendang with my
friend</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> One day . I talking about food
with my friend . she ask to me . hey, have you break fast git?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">I answer, ya I have
,what happen ?she ask to me .what kind food do you like ? what your opinion about rendang ?and I said,
I think rendang is delicious . rendang is food special for Indonesia . I like
rendang . so what do you think about rendang ? you like? She is said to me.yess I am of the same your opinion. I like
rendang,salad,egg, fried chiken etc .lets go to restaurant together ,im hungry.
I said again good idea.that is what I was thinking. finally we went to
restaurant together . </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">JJ</span></div>
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gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-26535293666430210312014-04-23T05:13:00.001-07:002014-04-23T05:13:15.254-07:00PERKENALAN DIRI<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>About me </b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My name is gita anggeliya. You can call me gita or lia. I
live in bekasi, I live with my father, my mother, my sister . I have 2 siblings,2
sister. She’s name is visca and nabila. My hobies are listen the music, watch
movie and comedy because all that make me happy and entertain my self. I
graduated from yadika 9 senior high school, and now I am studing in gunadarma
university.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My face is round and narrow. I have small and black eyes.
Flat nose and I also have thin lips. My hair is short,straight and black. I am
short and normal weight. I am slim and then I have fair skin. I like to wear
jeans, t-shirt and dress. I also to wear flat shoes, jacket and use watch<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have pleasant personality. Iam very friendly, sometimes I
am shy if I meet new people. I also fairly out going but not dominating, I am
confident. I also inteligent so I have a lot friends. Sometimes I become
annoying person and selfish. I like study hard and I smile a lot.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>My cat ( ucrit )</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
we know, most cats look so cute and clean, so is my cat. My
name is ucritl cat. My cat named ucrit because she looked so cute, tail ucrit
and makes me always want to hug him and hug him every day. Do you want to know
about my cat? ucrit I have black fur and white. It is so soft. And makes me
always want to hug him. He has beautiful eyes. Its tail ucrit and he also has
sharp teeth and of course my scary. The whishkers in his mouth to make the
funy. However, although he looks very cute and funny, when he's angry or want
to catch prey such as mice, it is very scary for me. Claws are sharp and seem
so long. Her voice sounded like a tiger also changed. I never approached him
when he was angry. That cat ucrit.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Monas monument in my country</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Monas National Monument is a 132-meter tower in the center
of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, is the capital of the
state. It symbolizes the struggle for Indonesian independence of our country.
The monument consists of a 117.7 m obelisk on a 45m square platform at a height
of 17 m. Towering monument symbolizes the philosophy of Lingga and Yoni.
Resembles a phallus, or pestle mortar pestle and Yoni resembles rice or mortar,
two important things in the tradition of Indonesian agriculture. Construction
began in 1961 under the direction of President Sukarno, the first president of
the us and the monument was opened to the public in 1975. It is topped by a
flame covered with gold foil, and now the monument calls.</div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-88341823734073948242014-01-28T06:05:00.001-08:002014-01-28T06:05:12.377-08:00Softskil Etika Bisnis<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam
era perdagangan bebas dunia abad 21 terjadi iklim kompetisi yang tinggi di
segala bidang yang menuntut perusahaan untuk berkerja dengan lebih efektif dan
efesien. Tingkat kompetisi yang tinggi menuntut pula suatu organisasi
mengoptimalkan sumber daya manusia yang dimilikinya , hal ini disebabkan oleh
pengaruh yang kuat dari sumber daya manusia terhadap efektivitas dan efisiensi
organisasi .karyawan sebagai sumber daya manusia merupaka kunci keberasilan
organisasi. Pengelolaan sumber daya manusia yang baik akan mendorong organisasi
kea rah pencapaian tujuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berbagai
masalah yang berhubungan dengan pengelolahan sumber daya manusia dalam
organisasi antara lain sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memperkerjakan
karyawan yang tidak sesuai dengan tuntutan perkerjaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengalami
perputaran karyawan ( labor turnover ) yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Karyawan
tidak berkerja kontribusi yg terbaik / kurang termotivasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diskriminasi
karyawan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kondisi
lingkungan kerja yang tidak aman / melanggar undang-undang keselamatan kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ketidakadilan
dalam pemberian gaji, promosi, dan praktik tenaga kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kurangnya
pelatihan dan pengembangan karyawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Oleh
karena itu , manajemen sumber daya manusia memiliki arti penting sebagai salah
satu fungsi manajemen selain fungsi manajemen pemasaran, keuangan, dan
produksi, di mana manajemen sumber daya manusia meliputi usaha-usaha/
aktifitas-aktifitas suatu organisasi dalam mengelolah sumber daya manusia yang
dimilikinya secara umum dimulai dari proses pengadaan karyawan, penempatan,
pengelolahan, pemeliharaan, pemutusan hubungan kerja, hingga hubungan
industrial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">untuk
mencapai tujuan tersebut , maka studi tentang manajemen sumber daya manusia
akan menunjukan bagaimana seharusnya suatu organisasi memperoleh, menggunakan,
mengembangkan, mengevaluasi, dan memelihara karyawannya dalam kuantitas dan
kualitas yang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengertian
MSDM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Para
ahli manajemen sumber daya manusia memberikan berbagai macam definisi mengenai
pengertian manajemen sumber daya manusia, manajemen personalia dan
adminisrtrasi personalia, yaitu sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">·
“ Human resource management encompasses those activities designed in to provide
for and coordinate the human resources of organization. “ ( Lyoyd L. Byars
& Leslie Rue, 2000: 3 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">·
“ Personal / human resources management is the set of activities in all
organizations intended to influence the effectiveness of human resources and
organizations. “ (WilliamF.Glueck,1982:11)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">·
“ Human resources management is clearly toward to the adoption of human
resources approach, through with organizations benefit in two significant ways
: an increase in organizational effectiveness and the satisfaction of each
enployee’s needs. The human resources approach is relatively new management of
people. “( Michael R.Carrel, Norbert F. Elbert, & Robert D. Hatfield,1995:8
)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manajemen
SDM didefinisikan sebagai suatu strategi dalam menerapkan fungsi-fungsi manajemen
yaitu : planning, organizing, leading, & controlling, dalam setiap
aktivitas / fungsi operasional SDM mulai dari proses penarikan, seleksi,
pelatihan, dan pengembangan, penepatan yang meliputi promosi, demosi, &
transfer, penilaian kinerja,pemberian kompensasi, hubungan industrial, hingga
pemutusan hubungan kerja, yang ditujukan bagi peningakatan kontribusi produktif
dari SDM organisasi terhadap pencapaian tujuan organisasi secara efektif dan
efesiien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perbedaan
manajemen SDM, manajemen Personalia dan Administrasi Personalia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terdapat
pebedaan yang mendasar anatara manajemen SDM (human resource management)
denagan manajemen personalia /kepegawaian (personnel management). Perbedaan
tersebut menggambarkan adanya peranan yang penting yang dimainkan oleh SDM
dalam suatu organisasi yang menuntut pengolahan SDM yang semakin efektif
sejalan dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan professionalisme dalam bidang
Manajem Personalia dan Manajemen SDM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manajemen
SDM sebagai suatu strategi untukn mengelola orang-orang dalam suatu organisasi
guna mencapai tujuan bisnis serta mekanisme pengintergrasian dalam strategi
organisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manajemen
Personalia lebih menekankan pada manajemen system dan prosedur personalia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Administrasi
personalia lebih menekankan pada implementasi sistim dan prosedur personalia
dalam organisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perubahan
perhatian dalam perkembangan Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cara
organisasi / perusahaan dalam mengelola sumber daya manusiantelah berubah
secara dramatis sepanjang abad 20. Pada awal abad ke 20, Frederick W. Taylor
membantu praktik manajemen. Dilatih sebagai seorang insinyur, Taylor menekankan
pentingnya mengembangkan skema analitas untuk memilih,melatih,menilai,dan
memberikan penghargaan kepada karyawan produksi untuk tujuan motivasi mereka,
mengendalikan prilaku mereka, serta memperbaiki produkvitas. Selama 25 tahun
kedua,focus perhatian berubah menjadi pengakuan terhadap pentingnya pengaruh
kelompok kerja terhadap karyawan. Elton Mayo dari penelitiannya pada pabrik
Hawthorne berkonsentrasi pada perbaikan kinerja individual dengan melakukan
percobaan mengubah komposisi kelompok dan skema insentif, selain kondisi lingkunganya
seperti penagturan fisik dan pencahayaan. Pengetahuan kelompok terhadap
induvidu meningkat selama kurun waktu 1930-1940-an . perkembangan selama tahun
1950-1960-an, praktik yang berkembang ke sektor swasta. selama tahun 1970,
istilah manajemen SDM muncul menggantikan istilah manajemen personalia.istilah
baru ini mencerminkan sudut baru yang lebih luas yang memasukan isu seperti
kesehatan dan keselamatan lebih jauh lagi, manajemen SDM telah diakui sebagai
sumber keunggulan kompotitif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksud
dan tujuan manajemen SDM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Meningkatkan
kontibusi yang produktif dari karyawan kepada organisasi melalui tanggung jawab
srategis, etis, dan social. Maksud ini menuntun proses pembelajaran dan praktik
manajemen SDM dalam organisasi serta menggambarkan usaha-usaha yg berhubungan
dengan SDM dari manajer pelaksana dan menunjukan bagaimana profesionalisme
karyawan mendukung usaha tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Departemen
SDM pada intinya berada dalam suatu organisasi untuk mendukung para manajer dan
karyawan dalam melaksanakan strategi-strategi organisasi. Departemen SDM
menyediakan 3 bentuk bantuan kepada manajer pelaksana ( operating manajer )
yaitu berupa perlayanan khusus ( specific services), saran / nasihat (advice)
dan koordinasi (coordination)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tujuan
manajemen SDM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.
Tujuan organisasional : ditujukan untuk dapat mengenali keberadaan manajemen
SDM dalam memberikan kontribusi pada pencapaian efektivitas organisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.
Tujuan fungsional : untuk mempertahankan kontribusi departemen pada tingkat
yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan organisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.
Tujuan social : untuk secara etis dan social merespon terhadap kebutuhan dan
tantangan masyarakat melalui tindakan meminimasi dampak negative terhadap
organisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.
Tujuan personal : untuk membantu karyawan dalam pencapaian tujuannya, minimal tujuan-tujuan
dapat mempertinggi kontribusi individual terhadap organisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendekatan
konsep manajemen membantu para manajer dan para ahli manajemen mempertahankan
fungsi SDM dengan segala aktivitasnya, pendekatan tersebut meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.
Pendekatan SRATEGIS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manajemen
SDM harus memberikan kontribusi kepada keberasilan strategi organisasi. Jika
aktifitas para manajer dan departemen SDM tidak mendukung pada pencapaian
tujuan strategis organisasi, maka sumber daya manusia tidak dimanfaatkan secara
efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.
Pendekatan SDM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manajemen
SDM merupkan manusia. Martabat dan kepentingan hidup manusia hendaknya tidak
diabaikan demi kesejahteraan.hanya melalui perhatian yang hati-hati terhadap
kebutuhan karyawan dapat membuat organisasi tumbuh dan berkembang kea rah keberhasilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.
Pendekatan MANAJEMEN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manajemen
SDM merupakan tanggung jawab manajer.keberadaan departemen SDM adalah melayani
para manajer dan karyawan melalui keahlian yang dimilikinya. Dalam basil
analisis akhir, kinerja dan kehidupan kerja setiap karyawan merupaka tanggung
jawab ganda (dual responsibility) dari setiap peyelia karyawan (supervisor) dan
departemen SDM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.
Pendekatan SISTIM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Merupakan
suatu sub sistim dari sistim yang lebih besar yaitu organisasi , serta di
evaluasi kontribusinya terhadap organisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.
Pendekatan REAKTIF-PROAKTIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manajemen
reaktif ( reactive human resource management ) terjadi ketika pengambilan
keputusan merespon masalah sumber daya manusia. Serta manajemen proaktif (
proactive human resource management ) terjadi ketika masalah sumber daya
manusia diantisipasi dan dilakukan tindakan perbaikan / korektif sebelum
permasalahan tersebut timbul ke permukaan .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rangkuman
atau tanggapan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manajemen
SDM memiliki arti penting bagi keberasilan organisasi , dimana pengolalahan
sumber daya manusia tidak hanya menjadi tanggung jawab departemen SDM tetapi
juga seluruh manajer, ahli/ professional SDM dan karyawan dalam bentuk
kemitraan. Manajemen SDM didefisinikan sebgai suatu strategi dalam menerapkan
fungsi manajemen yaitu planing,organizing,leading,&controlling, dalam setiap
aktivitas operasional SDM mulai proses penarikan,seleksi,pelatiahan, dan
pengembangan, penempatan yang meliputi promosi,demosi,&transfer,penilaian
kinerja,pemberian kompensasi,hubungan industrial hingga pemutusan hubungan
kerja.yg ditunjukan bagi kontibusi tujuan organisasi secara efktif &
efesien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber
<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1;">:
http://muhammadfaris.blog.perbanas.ac.id/2011/09/15/artikel-tentang-manajemen-sumber-daya-manusia-2/<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-12543256248878024202013-11-25T17:56:00.003-08:002013-11-25T17:56:40.000-08:00Good corporate governance (GCG)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelaskan prinsip GCG ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terdapat lima prinsip GCG</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> yang dapat dijadikan pedoman
bagi para pelaku bisnis, yaitu Transparency, Accountability, Responsibility,
Indepandency dan Fairness yang biasanya diakronimkan menjadi TARIF. Penjabarannya sebagai berikut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Transparency
(keterbukaan informasi)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Secara
sederhana bisa diartikan sebagai keterbukaan informasi. Dalam mewujudkan prinsip ini, perusahaan
dituntut untuk menyediakan informasi yang cukup, akurat, tepat waktu kepada
segenap stakeholders-nya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Accountability
(akuntabilitas)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yang
dimaksud dengan akuntabilitas adalah kejelasan fungsi, struktur, system dan
pertanggungjawaban elemen perusahaan.
Apabila prinsip ini diterapkan secara efektif, maka akan ada kejelasan
akan fungsi, hak, kewajiban dan wewenang serta tanggung jawab antara pemegang
saham, dewan komisaris dan dewan direksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Responsibility
(pertanggung jawaban)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bentuk
pertanggung jawaban perusahaan adalah kepatuhan perusahaan terhadap peraturan
yang berlaku, diantaranya; masalah pajak, hubungan industrial, kesehatan dan
keselamatan kerja, perlindungan lingkungan hidup, memelihara lingkungan bisnis
yang kondusif bersama masyarakat dan sebagainya. Dengan menerapkan prinsip ini, diharapkan
akan menyadarkan perusahaan bahwa dalam kegiatan operasionalnya, perusahaan
juga mempunyai peran untuk bertanggung jawab kepada shareholder juga kepada
stakeholders-lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Indepandency
(kemandirian)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Intinya,
prinsip ini mensyaratkan agar perusahaan dikelola secara profesional tanpa ada
benturan kepentingan dan tanpa tekanan atau intervensi dari pihak manapun yang
tidak sesuai dengan peraturan-peraturan yang berlaku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fairness
(kesetaraan dan kewajaran)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Prinsip
ini menuntut adanya perlakuan yang adil dalam memenuhi hak stakeholder sesuai
dengan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku.
Diharapkan fairness dapat menjadi faktor pendorong yang dapat memonitor
dan memberikan jaminan perlakuan yang adil di antara beragam kepentingan dalam
perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jadi dapat ditarik suatu
kesimpulan bahwa Good corporate governance (GCG) merupakan sistem yang mengatur
dan mengendalikan perusahaan guna menciptakan nilai tambah (value added) untuk
semua stakeholder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber :
yogimitha.blogspot.com/2011/03/prinsip-good-corporate-governance-gcg.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penerapan GCG pada perbankan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Good
corporate governance</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
menurut Tim Badan Pengawas Keuangan dan Pembangunan
(BPKP) merupakan sistem pengendalian dan pengaturan perusahaan yang dapat dilihat dari mekanisme hubungan antara
berbagai pihak yang mengurus perusahaan (hard
definition), maupun ditinjau dari nilai-nilai yang terkandung dari mekanisme pengelolaan itu sendiri. Berdasarkan Peraturan
Bank Indonesia Nomor 8/12/PBI/2006 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor
8/4/PBI/2006 tentang Pelaksanaan <b>Good</b>
<b>Corporate Governance</b> bagi Bank Umum
yang menjadi dasar hukum <b>good
corporate governance</b> dalam sektor
perbankan, mendefinisikan good corporate governance adalah suatu tata kelola bank yang menerapkan
prinsip-prinsip keterbukaan (transparency),
akuntabilitas (accountability), pertanggungjawaban (responsibility),
independensi (independency), dan kewajaran (fairness). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Corporate
governanace</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
merupakan salah satu elemen kunci dalam meningkatkan efisiensi ekonomis, yang meliputi serangkaian
hubungan antara manajemen perusahaan, dewan
komisaris, para pemegang saham dan <b>stakeholders</b>
lainnya. <b>Corporate governance</b> juga memberikan suatu struktur yang
memfasilitasi penentuan sasaran-sasaran dari suatu perusahaan, dan sebagai sarana untuk
menentukan teknik monitoring kinerja (Darmawati, et.al, 2004). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber
: </span><a href="http://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-akuntansi/article/view/277/201"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-akuntansi/article/view/277/201</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penerapan GCG pada BUMN
pada perbankan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penerapan tata kelola yang baik
(GCG) pada BUMN harus berpedoman pada Permen BUMN No Per-01/MBU/2011 tanggal 01
Agustus 2011 dengan tetap memperhatikan ketentuan dan norma yang berlaku, serta
anggaran dasar BUMN. Pedoman GCG harus memuat:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;">Manual
Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;">Manual
Manajemen Risiko</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;">Sistem
Pengendalian Intern</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;">Sistem
Pengawasan Intern</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;">Mekanisme
Pelaporan atas Dugaan Penyimpangan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;">Tata
Kelola Teknologi Informasi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;">Pedoman
Perilaku Etika</span></li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut Pasal 44 (1) Permen BUMN
01/2011, BUMN wajib melakukan pengukuran atas kualitas penerapan GCG yang
dilaksanakan berkala setiap 2 (dua) tahun dalam 2 bentuk yaitu 1) penilaian
(assessment) atas pelaksanaan GCG dan 2)
evaluasi (review) atas tindak lanjut atas rekomendasi perbaikan dari hasil
penilaian sebelumnya. Pada prinsipnya yang melakukan evaluasi adalah BUMN itu
sendiri (penilaian mandiri), sedangkan pelaksanaan penilaian dilakukan oleh
penilai independen yang kompeten dan harus ditunjuk oleh Dewan Komisaris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber
: </span><a href="http://apaajaboleh27.blogspot.com/2013/11/tugas-7-minggu-3-penerapan-gcg-pada.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://apaajaboleh27.blogspot.com/2013/11/tugas-7-minggu-3-penerapan-gcg-pada.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Komentar
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam
GCG masih sering terjadi ketidak efesiensi antara manajemen perusahaan dan
pemegang saham sehingga sering terjadi penurunan laba dalam kerja sama
tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-73448095868809370182013-10-21T06:22:00.000-07:002013-10-21T06:22:00.224-07:00contoh perusahaan <br />
PT Bank Mandiri (PERSERO) Tbk.<br />
<br />
Profil perusahaan<br />
<br />
Bank Mandiri didirikan pada 2 Oktober 1998, sebagai bagian dari program restrukturisasi perbankan yang dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah Indonesia. Pada bulan Juli 1999, empat bank pemerintah — yaitu Bank Bumi Daya, Bank Dagang Negara, Bank Ekspor Impor Indonesia dan Bank Pembangunan Indonesia — dilebur menjadi Bank Mandiri, dimana masing-masing bank tersebut memiliki peran yang tak terpisahkan dalam pembangunan perekonomian Indonesia. Sampai dengan hari ini, Bank Mandiri meneruskan tradisi selama lebih dari 140 tahun memberikan kontribusi dalam dunia perbankan dan perekonomian Indonesia.<br />
<br />
Konsolidasi dan integrasi<br />
<br />
Segera setelah merger, Bank Mandiri melaksanakan proses konsolidasi secara menyeluruh. Pada saat itu, kami menutup 194 kantor cabang yang saling berdekatan dan rasionalisasi jumlah karyawan dari jumlah gabungan 26.600 menjadi 17.620. Brand Bank Mandiri diimplementasikan ke semua jaringan dan seluruh kegiatan periklanan dan promosi lainnya. Salah satu prestasi Bank Mandiri yang paling signifikan adalah dengan mengganti platform teknologinya secara menyeluruh. Bank Mandiri mewarisi total 9 core banking system yang berbeda dari 4 bank pendahulunya. Bank Mandiri segera berinvestasi untuk mengkonsolidasikan sistem-sistem dari platform yang terkuat. Dibutuhkan tiga tahun dan dana sebesar US$ 200 Juta demi mengembangkan program untuk menggantikan core banking platform sebelumnya agar sesuai dengan standar perbankan ritel. Kini infrastruktur IT Bank Mandiri telah menyediakan system pengolahan data straigth-through dan interface yang seragam bagi pelanggannya. Sesuai dengan visi kami, Bank Mandiri memasuki segmen bisnis yang menguntungkan dan memiliki prospek tumbuh, sekaligus berperan sebagai institusi perbankan yang komprehensif. Untuk itu, Bank Mandiri berfokus pada segmen korporasi, komersial, mikro & ritel, serta pembiayaan konsumen dengan strategi yang berbeda di setiap bisnisnya dan bersinergi dengan seluruh segmen pasar yang ada. Kehadiran Bank Mandiri sebagai Bank Domestik Multispesialis di Indonesia dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam langkah-langkah khusus dengan menumbuhkan pangsa pasar dominan di segmen yang kami fokuskan. Selain itu, Bank Mandiri juga memiliki visi untuk menjadi bank terdepan di Indonesia. Sebagai bank publik, visi Bank Mandiri untuk menjadi bank blue chip publik di Asia Tenggara ini akan diukur berdasarkan kapitalisasi pasar.<br />
<br />
Program Transformasi Tahap I (2005 – 2009)<br />
<br />
Ambisi Bank Mandiri yang ditetapkan untuk 4 tahun ke depannya hanya dapat dicapai dengan mengubah organisasi kami untuk dapat beradaptasi dengan dinamika dan pergerakan pasar. Di tahun 2005, kami berkomitmen untuk menjalankan program transformasi selama 5 tahun untuk membentuk Bank Mandiri menjadi Bank Multispesialis yang Dominan. Kami menetapkanempat tema transformasi sebagai syarat utama: budaya, penjualan, aliansi dan kontrol NPL. Bank Mandiri melakukan Program Transformasi dalam tiga tahap, yaitu<br />
<br />
Tahap 1 (2006-2007)<br />
<br />
Back on Track : Dalam tahapan ini, fokus utama kami adalah merekonstruksi ulang fondasi Bank Mandiri untuk pertumbuhan di masa depan<br />
<br />
Tahap 2 (2008-2009)<br />
<br />
Outperform the Market : Dalam periode ini, Bank Mandiri lebih menekankan ekspansi bisnis untuk menjamin pertumbuhan yang signifikan di berbagai segmen dan mencapai level profit yang mampu melampaui target rata-rata pasar<br />
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Tahap 3 (2010)<br />
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Shaping the End Game : Di tahap ini, Bank Mandiri menargetkan diri untuk menjadi bank regional terdepan melalui konsolidasi dari bisnis jasa keuangan dan lebih mengutamakan peluang strategi pertumbuhan non-organik, termasuk memperkuat kinerja anak perusahaan dan akuisisi bank atau perusahaan keuangan lainnya yang dapat memberikan nilai tambah bagi Bank Mandiri<br />
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Proses transformasi yang telah dijalankan sejak tahun 2005 hingga tahun 2010 ini secara konsisten berhasil meningkatkan kinerja Bank Mandiri. Hal ini tercermin dari peningkatan berbagai parameter finansial, diantaranya:<br />
<br />
Kredit bermasalah turun signifikan, tercermin dari rasio NPL net konsolidasi yang turun dari 15,34% di tahun 2005 menjadi 0,62% di tahun 2010.<br />
Laba bersih Bank Mandiri juga tumbuh sangat signifikan dari Rp 0,6 Triliun di tahun 2005 menjadi Rp 9,2 Triliun di tahun 2010.<br />
Sejalan dengan transformasi bisnis, Bank Mandiri juga melakukan transformasi budaya dengan merumuskan kembali nilai nilai budaya untuk menjadi pedoman kerja pegawai. Bank Mandiri juga berhasil mencatat sejarah dalam peningkatan kualitas layanan, yaitu menjadi service leader perbankan nasional dengan menempati urutan pertama pelayanan prima selama empat tahun berturut-turut (tahun 2007, 2008, 2009 dan 2010) berdasarkan survey Marketing Research Indonesia (MRI). Selain itu, Bank Mandiri juga mendapat apresiasi dari berbagai pihak dalam penerapan Good Corporate Governance.<br />
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Peningkatan kinerja Bank Mandiri mendapatkan respon positif oleh investor, tercermin dari meningkatnya harga saham Bank Mandiri secara signifikan dari posisi terendah Rp 1.110 per lembar saham pada 16 November 2005, menjadi Rp 6.300,- per lembar saham pada 30 September 2011, atau meningkat 33,6% per tahunnya berdasarkan rata-rata (CAGR). Dalam kurun waktu kurang lebih 6 tahun, nilai kapitalisasi pasar Bank Mandiri meningkat sekitar 7 kali lipat, dari Rp 21,8 Triliun menjadi Rp 146,9 Triliun.<br />
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Program Transformasi Tahap II (2010 – 2014)<br />
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Saat ini Bank Mandiri tengah melaksanakan tahap transformasi lanjutan tahun 2010-2014, dimana kami telah melakukan revitalisasi visi, yaitu “Menjadi Lembaga Keuangan Indonesia yang Paling Dikagumi dan Selalu Progresif”. Sejalan dengan visi tersebut, Bank Mandiri juga ditargetkan mampu mencapai nilai kapitalisasi pasar terbesar di Indonesia, yaitu di atas Rp 225 Triliun dengan pangsa pasar pendapatan mendekati 16%, ROA mencapai kisaran 2,5% dan ROE mendekati 25%, namun tetap menjaga kualitas asset yang direfleksikan dari rasio NPL gross di bawah 4%. Bank Mandiri juga berambisi untuk masuk dalam jajaran Top 5 Bank di ASEAN pada tahun 2014.<br />
<br />
Selanjutnya di tahun 2020, Bank Mandiri menargetkan untuk masuk dalam jajaran Top 3 Bank di ASEAN dalam hal nilai kapitalisasi pasar dan menjadi pemain utama di regional. Untuk mewujudkan visi tersebut, transformasi bisnis di Bank Mandiri tahun 2010 – 2014 akan difokuskan pada 3 (tiga) area bisnis yaitu:<br />
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Wholesale transaction<br />
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Bank Mandiri akan memperkuat leadership-nya dengan menawarkan solusi transaksi keuangan yang komprehensif dan membangun hubungan yang holistik melayani institusi corporate & commercial di Indonesia.<br />
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Retail deposit & payment<br />
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Bank Mandiri memiliki aspirasi untuk menjadi bank pilihan nasabah di bidang retail deposit dengan menyediakan pengalaman perbankan yang unik dan unggul bagi para nasabahnya.<br />
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Retail Financing<br />
<br />
Bank Mandiri memiliki aspirasi untuk meraih posisi nomor 1 atau 2 dalam segmen pembiayaan ritel, terutama untuk memenangkan persaingan di bisnis kredit perumahan, personal loan, dankartu kredit serta menjadi salah satu pemain utama di micro banking.<br />
<br />
Ketiga area fokus tersebut didukung dengan penguatan organisasi dan peningkatan infrastruktur (cabang, IT, operation dan risk management) untuk memberikan solusi layanan terpadu. Disamping itu, Bank Mandiri didukung oleh Sumber Daya Manusia yang handal, teknologi yang selalu update, penerapan manajemen risiko dalam menjalankan bisnis secara seksama dan penuh pertimbangan, serta penerapan Good Corporate Governance yang telah teruji.<br />
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Pencapaian Bank Mandiri<br />
<br />
Hingga Desember 2011, total aset Bank Mandiri telah mencapai Rp 551,9 Triliun, dimana jumlah ini berlipat ganda dari total aset di tahun 2006 (sebesar Rp 267 Triliun), atau tumbuh 15,6% (CAGR). Ini mengukuhkan posisi Bank Mandiri sebagai bank terbesar di Indonesia. Kredit Bank Mandiri juga tumbuh menjadi Rp 314,4 Triliun, meningkat 22% (CAGR) dari kredit tahun 2006 yang sebesar Rp 118 Triliun. Sedangkan net profit kami tumbuh menjadi Rp 12,2 Triliun, meningkat 28,3% (CAGR) dari tahun 2006 yang sebesar Rp 2,4 Triliun. Selain menjadi bank pemberi pinjaman terbesar di Indonesia (secara konsolidasi), Bank Mandiri juga merupakan bank penyimpanan terbesar di Indonesia dengan dana pihak ke tiga sebesar Rp 422,3 Triliun. Bank Mandiri juga telah berhasil mempertahankan kualitas aset yang kuat, dibuktikan dengan nilai Gross dan Net NPL Ratio yang masing-masing sebesar 2,21% dan 0,52%. Salah satu momen penting dalam proses transformasi tahap 2 ini adalah suksesnya rights issue pada Februari 2011 untuk memperkuat permodalan bank. Dengan ini, modal Bank Mandiri telah mencapai Rp 62,7 Triliun, meningkat dari 48,9% tahun ke tahun dan menjadi bank pertama di Indonesia yang meraih gelar Bank Internasional, sesuai dengan Banking Architecture atau Arsitektur Perbankan Indonesia (API).<br />
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Kinerja Bank Mandiri juga didukung oleh perusahaan-perusahaan anak yang memberikan kontribusi pendapatan signifikan, yaitu sekitar 12% dari laba bersih konsolidasi Bank Mandiri. Kini Bank Mandiri memiliki jaringan ATM terbesar, yaitu sejumlah 10.000 unit yang telah terpasang dan tersebar di seluruh Indonesia. Ini menjadikan Bank Mandiri sebagai bank terbaik dalam pelayanan selama 4 tahun berturut-turut dan menjadi perusahaan yang paling terpercaya di Indonesia untuk Good Corporate Govenance selama 5 tahun berturut-turut. Setelah memenuhi berbagai persyaratan dari Bank Indonesia, Bank Mandiri kini berhak untuk menyandang titel sebagai Bank Internasional yang telah beroperasi di sektor perbankan regional dan siap menjadi bank panutan di Indonesia. Hal ini turut didukung dengan visi kami untuk menjadi Lembaga Keuangan yang Paling Dikagumi dan Paling Progresif di Indonesia.<br />
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Meningkatkan Sinergi & Nilai dari Perusahaan Anak<br />
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Untuk mendukung berbagai segmen usaha kami serta membangun budaya kerja berbasis kinerja yang kuat di seluruh organisasi, Bank Mandiri menerapkan sistem organisasi berbasis Strategic Business Unit (SBU) yang terdiri dari berbagai unit bisnis yang strategis. Unit bisnis strategis ini akan bergerak sebagai generator penghasil profit pertumbuhan Bank Mandiri di masa depan, sebagai inti dari perusahaan dan juga sebagai layanan fungsi bersama. Bank Mandiri juga didukung oleh beberapa perusahaan anak untuk meningkatkan performa unit-unit bisnis strategisnya, diantaranya Corporate Banking, Commercial Business Banking, Micro & Retail Banking, Treasury & International Banking serta Consumer Finance. Bank Mandiri senantiasa mencari peluang bisnis yang saling menguntungkan guna menciptakan sinergi, membangun aliansi sekaligus memperkuat bisnis pendukungnya melalui perusahaan anak Bank Mandiri, diantaranya Mandiri Sekuritas yang bergerak di bidang investment banking, Mandiri AXA Financial Service yang bergerak di bidang asuransi, Bank Syariah Mandiri yang bergerak di bidang perbankan syariah, Bank Sinar Harapan Bali yang bergerak di bidang perbankan mikro dan Mandiri Tunas Finance yang bergerak di bidang multi-finance. Di tahun 2011, Bank Mandiri berhasil mengakuisisi Mandiri AXA General Insurance (MAGI), yaitu perusahaan hasil kerjasama antara Bank Mandiri dan AXA Societe Anonyme, untuk memperkuat penetrasi Bank Mandiri di bisnis asuransi umum. Dengan memiliki berbagai perusahaan anak yang mendukung bisnis kami, Bank Mandiri kini memegang peranan sebagai institusi finansial holding terkuat di Indonesia.<br />
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Visi dan Misi Perusahaan<br />
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Visi:<br />
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Menjadi Lembaga Keuangan Indonesia yang paling dikagumi dan selalu progresif<br />
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Misi:<br />
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Berorientasi pada pemenuhan kebutuhan pasar<br />
Mengembangkan sumber daya manusia professional<br />
Memberi keuntungan yang maksimal bagi stakeholder<br />
Melaksanakan manajemen terbuka<br />
Peduli terhadap kepentingan masyarakat dan lingkungan<br />
Kami berkomitmen membangun hubungan jangka panjang yang didasari atas kepercayaan baik dengan nasabah bisnis maupun perseorangan. Kami melayani seluruh nasabah dengan standar layanan internasional melalui penyediaan solusi keuangan yang inovatif. Kami ingin dikenal karena kinerja, sumber daya manusia dan kerjasama tim yang terbaik.<br />
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Dengan mewujudkan pertumbuhan dan kesuksesan bagi pelanggan, kami mengambil peran aktif dalam mendorong pertumbuhan jangka panjang Indonesia dan selalu menghasilkan imbal balik yang tinggi secara konsisten bagi pemegang saham.<br />
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Budaya<br />
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Budaya TIPCE<br />
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Trust<br />
Membangun keyakinan dan sangka baik diantara stakeholders dalam hubungan yang tulus dan terbuka berdasarkan kehandalan.<br />
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Iintegrity<br />
Setiap saat berpikir, berkata dan berperilaku terpuji, menjaga martabat serta menjunjung tinggi kode etik profesi.<br />
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Professionalism<br />
Berkomitmen untuk be ke rja tuntas d an akurat atas dasar kompetensi terbaik dengan penuh tanggung jawab.<br />
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Customer Focus<br />
Senantiasa menjadikan pelanggan sebagai mitra utama yang saling menguntungkan untuk tumbuh secara berkesinambungan.<br />
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Excellence<br />
Mengembangkan dan melakukan perbaikan di segala bidang untuk mendapatkan nilai tambah optimal dan hasil yang terbaik secara terus-menerus.<br />
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Marketing Mix<br />
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Produk<br />
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Cash Transaction Product<br />
Hedging Product<br />
Produk Investasi<br />
Customized Product<br />
Price<br />
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Tingkat suku bungan yang diberikan Bank Mandiri cukup menguntungkan nasabah dan juga tidak memberatkan kreditor.<br />
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Place<br />
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Bank mandiri terletak di berbagai tempat strategis di seluruh penjuru dan pelosok Indonesia, sehingga memudahkan nasabah Bank Mandiri.<br />
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Promotion<br />
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Promosi yang Bank Mandiri lakukan adalah melalui beberapa media iklan, seperti televisi, bilboard, baliho, radio dan media internet.<br />
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Untuk mengatasi pesaing-pesaingnya Bank Mandiri terus berinvestasi memperbaiki kualitas jaringan untuk mempermudah nasabah, sehingga dapat mendorong peningkatan transaksi dan menambah pendapatan perseroan.<br />
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Analisis SWOT<br />
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Strengths<br />
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Selain dari kenyamanan dari berbagai fitur dan produk yang diberikan kepada nasabahnya, bank mandiri juga memberikan kemudahan dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada nasabahnya diseluruh tanah air yaitu dengan didirikannya beberapa cabang di berbagai daerah-daerah yang tersebar diseluruh pelosok tanah air. Dan hingga saat ini jumlah kantor cabang Bank Mandiri mencapai 1.600, sementara ATM menjadi 10.365 unit yang Tersebar di seluruh Indonesia.<br />
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Weaknesses<br />
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Layanan perbankan Bank Mandiri yang selalu mengikuti perkembangan teknologi informasi masih perlu disempurnakan untuk mengurangi rasa ketidaknyamanan dari para nasabah.<br />
Konsentrasi alokasi kredit Bank Mandiri lebih terfokus pada korporasi perusahaan menengah keatas, sehingga sangat rawan terhadap kemungkinan kredit macet ketika iklim ekonomi sedang krisis dan nilai tukar mata uang yang fluktuatif.<br />
Bank Mandiri belum menjadi bank pilihan utama bagi sebagian masyarakat Indonesia yang mampu mengakomodasi sebagian besar kebutuhan mereka akan layanan perbankan.<br />
Opportunities<br />
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Sejalan dengan tekad pemerintah yang terus mengembangkan perekonomian Indonesia<br />
Kecenderungan pola hidup masyarakat yang konsumtif, merupakan salah satu peluang yang perlu dicermati untuk meningkatkan jenis produk jasa kredit perbankan dan kualitas pelayanan bagi nasabah.<br />
Kecepatan kemajuan teknologi informasi sangat mendukung komitmen Bank Mandiri untuk mempermudah pelayanan demi meningkatkan kepuasan nasabah.<br />
Threats<br />
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Perkembangan dunia bisnis semakin kompleks dengan tingkat persaingan yang tinggi ditengah kondisi perekonomian Indonesia yang terus bergejolak dan tingkat inflasi yang cukup tinggi.<br />
Masyarakat cenderung meminati layanan perbankan yang simple dan menawarkan berbagai macam fleksibilitas serta berbagai macam hadiah yang menggiurkan.<br />
Tingkat inflasi yang terus meningkat mengurangi minat masyarakat untuk menyimpan uang di bank.<br />
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1337661895796650052.post-4413754833563436482013-10-21T06:19:00.001-07:002013-10-21T06:19:04.729-07:00PRINSIP ETIKA DALAM BERBISNIS<br />
Prinsip-prinsip Etika Bisnis<br />
Terdapat lima prinsip dalam etika bisnis yang terdiri dari sebagai berikut:<br />
1. Prinsip Otonomi<br />
Orang bisnis yang otonom sadar sepenuhnya akan apa yang menjadikewajibannya dalam dunia bisnis. la akan sadar dengan tidak begitu sajamengikuti saja norma dan nilai moral yang ada, namun juga melakukansesuatu karena tahu dan sadar bahwa hal itu baik, karena semuanya sudah dipikirkan dan dipertimbangkan secara masak-masak. Dalam kaitan ini salah satu contohnya perusahaan memiliki kewajiban terhadap para pelanggan, diantaranya adalah:<br />
(1) Memberikan produk dan jasa dengan kualitas yang terbaik dan sesuaidengan tuntutan mereka;<br />
(2) Memperlakukan pelanggan secara adil dalam semua transaksi, termasuk pelayanan yang tinggi dan memperbaiki ketidakpuasan mereka;<br />
(3) Membuat setiap usaha menjamin mengenai kesehatan dan keselamatanpelanggan, demikian juga kualitas Iingkungan mereka, akan dijagakelangsungannyadan ditingkatkan terhadap produk dan jasaperusahaan;<br />
(4) Perusahaan harus menghormati martabat manusia dalam menawarkan,memasarkan dan mengiklankan produk.<br />
Untuk bertindak otonom, diandaikan ada kebebasan untuk mengambil keputusan dan bertindak berdasarkan keputusan yang menurutnya terbaik. karena kebebasan adalah unsur hakiki dari prinsip otonomi ini. Dalam etika, kebebasan adalah prasyarat utama untuk bertindak secara etis, walaupun kebebasan belum menjamin bahwa seseorang bertindak secara otonom dan etis. Unsur lainnya dari prinsip otonomi adalah tanggungjawab, karena selain sadar akan kewajibannya dan bebas dalam mengambil keputusan dan tindakan berdasarkan apa yang dianggap baik, otonom juga harus bisa mempertanggungjawabkan keputusan dan tindakannya (di sinilah dimung-kinkan adanya pertimbangan moral). Kesediaan bertanggungjawab merupakan ciri khas dari makhluk bermoral, dan tanggungjawab disini adalah tanggung jawab pada diri kita sendiri dan juga tentunya pada stakeholder.<br />
2. Prinsip Kejujuran<br />
Bisnis tidak akan bertahan lama jika tidak ada kejujuran, karena kejujuran merupakan modal utama untuk memperoleh kepercayaan dari mitra bisnis-nya, baik berupa kepercayaan komersial, material, maupun moril. Kejujuran menuntut adanya keterbukaan dan kebenaran. Terdapat tiga lingkup kegiatan bisnis yang berkaitan dengan kejujuran:<br />
1. Kejujuran relevan dalam pemenuhan syarat-syarat perjanjian dankontrak. Pelaku bisnis disini secara a priori saling percaya satu samalain, bahwa masing-masing pihak jujur melaksanakan janjinya. Karenajika salah satu pihak melanggar, maka tidak mungkin lagi pihak yangdicuranginya mau bekerjasama lagi, dan pihak pengusaha lainnya akan tahu dan tentunya malas berbisnis dengan pihak yang bertindak curangtersebut.<br />
2. Kejujuran relevan dengan penawaran barang dan jasa dengan mutu dan harga yang baik. Kepercayaan konsumen adalah prinsip pokok dalam berbisnis. Karena jika ada konsumen yang merasa tertipu, tentunya hal tersebut akan rnenyebar yang menyebabkan konsumen tersebut beralih ke produk lain.<br />
3. Kejujuran relevan dalam hubungan kerja intern dalam suatu perusahaan yaitu antara pemberi kerja dan pekerja, dan berkait dengan kepercayaan. Perusahaan akan hancur jika kejujuran karyawan ataupunatasannya tidak terjaga.<br />
3. Prinsip Keadilan<br />
Prinsip ini menuntut agar setiap orang diperlakukan secara sama sesuai dengan aturan yang adil dan kriteria yang rasional objektif dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan. Keadilan berarti tidak ada pihak yang dirugikan hakdan kepentingannya. Salah satu teori mengenai keadilan yang dikemukakan oleh Aristoteles adalah:<br />
1. Keadilan legal. Ini menyangkut hubungan antara individu atau kelompok masyarakat dengan negara. Semua pihak dijamin untuk mendapat perlakuan yangsama sesuai dengan hukum yang berlaku. Secara khusus dalam bidang bisnis, keadilan legal menuntut agar Negara bersikap netral dalam memperlakukan semua pelaku ekonomi, negara menjamin kegiatan bisnis yang sehat dan baik dengan mengeluarkan aturan dan hukum bisnis yang berlaku secara sama bagi semua pelaku bisnis.<br />
2. Keadilan komunitatif. Keadilan ini mengatur hubungan yang adil antaraorang yang satu dan yang lain. Keadilan ini menyangkut hubunganvertikal antara negara dan warga negara, dan hubungan horizontal antarwarga negara. Dalam bisnis keadilan ini berlaku sebagai kejadian tukar, yaitu menyangkut pertukaran yang fair antara pihak-pihak yang terlibat.<br />
3. Keadilan distributif. Atau disebut juga keadilan ekonomi, yaitu distribusi ekonomi yang merata atau dianggap adil bagi semua warga negara. Dalam dunia bisnis keadilan ini berkaitan dengan prinsip perlakuan yang sama sesuai dengan aturan dan ketentuan dalam perusahaan yang juga adil dan baik.<br />
4. Prinsip Saling Menguntungkan<br />
Prinsip ini menuntut agar semua pihak berusaha untuk saling menguntungkan satu sama lain. Dalam dunia bisnis, prinsip ini menuntut persaingan bisnis haruslah bisa melahirkan suatu win-win situation.<br />
5. Prinsip Integritas Moral<br />
Prinsip ini menyarankan dalam berbisnis selayaknya dijalankan dengan tetap menjaga nama baiknya dan nama baik perusahaan.<br />
Dari kelima prinsip yang tentulah dipaparkan di atas, menurut Adam Smith, prinsip keadilanlah yang merupakan prinsip yang paling pentingdalam berbisnis. Prinsip ini menjadi dasardan jiwa dari semua aturan bisnis, walaupun prinsip lainnya juga tidak akan terabaikan. Karena menurut AdamSmith, dalam prinsip keadilan khususnya keadilan komutatif berupa noharm, bahwa sampai tingkat tertentu, prinsip ini telah mengandung semuaprinsip etika bisnis lainnya. Karena orang yang jujur tidak akan merugikanorang lain, orang yang mau saling menguntungkan dengan pibak Iain, danbertanggungjawab untuk tidak merugikan orang lain tanpa alasan yangditerima dan masuk akal.<br />
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Sumber : http://apriyantihusain.blogspot.com/2012/04/prinsip-etis-dalam-berbisnis.html<br />
gita bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07011722619901283605noreply@blogger.com0