contoh direct and indirect

contoh direct and indirect

a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e) Prohibition :

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.

pengertian direct dan indirect

Direct and Indirect

Direct and Indirect Speech
Kalimat langsung dan Kalimat tidak Langsung
Kalimat langsung (Direct Speech) adalah kalimat yang bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech) adalah kalimat yang bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan waktu pada reported speech.
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah kedalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech-Indirect Speech
Simple present-menjadi-Simple past
C/: He said “The woman comes” menjadi “He said that the woman came”
Dari contoh diatas dapat disimpulkan perubahan bentuk waktu dan reported speech sbb:
Direct Speech Indirect speech
Simple Present
Present continous
Present Perfect
Present perfect continous
Siimple past
Past continous
Future Simple past
Past continous
Past perfect
Past perfect continous
Past perfect
Past perfect conitinous
Past
Kecuali:
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah kedalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya, contoh:
Direct speech-Indirect speech
He said “The sun rises in the east” – “He said That the sun rises in the east”
Peraturan II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan Peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapanpun saja terjadi.
Reporting verb-Reported speech
Present tense-Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
C/:
Direct : She says to her friend, “ I have been waiting”
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been waiting”
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat Tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata Tanya dan mengubah tense jika pertanyaan dimulai dengan kata Tanya.
Direct : He said to me , “where are you going?”
Indirect : He asked me where I was going”
b) Dengan menggunakan if/whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengulang tenses.
Direct : He said to me, “Are you going away today?’
Indirect : He asked me whether I going today
3) Kalimat perintah
Contoh:
Direct : He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect : He ordered his servant to go away at once.

DEFINISI
Direct Speech (kalimat langsung) adalah kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh pembicara. Indirect Speech (kalimat tidak langsung) adalah kalimat yang mengatakan/melaporkan kembali ucapan seseorang tanpa mengubah maksud atau isi perkataan si pembicara. Indirect Speech bisa juga disebut reported speech (kalimat yang dilaporkan).
Contoh direct speech (Ada tanda kutip dalam isi perkataan):
Tugio said, “I am happy.”
Tugio berkata, “Saya bahagia.”
Contoh indirect speech (tidak ada tanda kutip):
Tugio said (that) he was happy.
Tugio berkata (bahwa) dia bahagia.
Bandingkan kedua kalimat ini.
Tugio said, “I am happy.” (Direct)
Tugio said (that) he was happy. (Indirect)
Catatan :
- Dalam indirect speech/reported speech terdapat perubahan kata kerja atau tenses pada kalimat yang diucapkan si pembicara.
- I am happy dalam direct speech berubah menjadi he was happy dalam indirect speech.
- I menjadi he karena si pembicara adalah Tugio.
- Am menjadi was karena simple present berubah menjadi simple past.
- (that) artinya bahwa; kata ini manasuka, boleh dipergunakan, boleh juga tidak.
Anda ingin menyampaikan ucapan Marni kepada orang lain. Ada dua cara untuk melakukannya. Pertama, Anda bisa mengulang persis ucapan Marni dalam direct speech.
Marni said, “I am cooking.”
Marni berkata, “Saya sedang memasak.”
Kedua, Anda bisa menggunakan indirect speech.
Marni said (that) she was cooking.
Marni berkata (bahwa) dia sedang memasak.
Bandingkan kedua kalimat ini.
Marni said, “I am cooking.” (Direct)
Marni said (that) she was cooking. (Indirect)
Catatan :
- I menjadi she (karena pelakunya Marni).
- am menjadi was (menjadi bentuk lampau).
- (that) artinya bahwa (boleh digunakan, boleh juga tidak).
am/is menjadi was
are menjadi was/were
have/has menjadi had
have to menjadi had to
has to Menjadi had to
shall menjadi should
will menjadi would
can menjadi could
may menjadi might
want menjadi wanted
drink menjadi drank
write menjadi wrote
Dalam reported speech/indirect speech terdapat perubahan-perubahan dalam bentuk lampau (the past).

artikel direct and indirect speech

chiken feed

Duan Guangqinj was a Chinese magistrate who lived about a hundred years ago. He was famed for the fairness of his judgments.

One day while the magistrate was walking through a market he saw a crowd outside a poultry shop. On enquiring what the matter was he learnt that a peasant had accidentally dropped a heavy sack on a chicken, crushing it to death. The chicken was small, worth only about five coins, but the owner of the shop had caught the peasant by his throat and was demanding a hundred. His argument was that the chicken would have grown into a plump bird in another two years and then it would have fetched him the amount he was asking for.

Somebody recognized the magistrate, and everybody made way for him.

“Judge our case, My Lord!” said the owner of the chicken, letting go of the peasant and bowing obsequiously to the magistrate. “This man, through his carelessness has caused the death of a chicken that would have fetched me a hundred coins in another two years!”

Fear had made the peasant’s speech incoherent. Nobody could understand what he was saying.

“The price put on the chicken is hundred coins,” said the magistrate, to the peasant. “I advise you to pay.”

There was a gasp from the crowd. Everybody had expected the magistrate to rule in the peasant’s favor.

The owner of the chicken was overjoyed.

“They said you were fair in your judgments, My Lord,” he said, rubbing his hands in glee, “now I can say there is no one fairer than you!”

“The Law is always fair,” smiled the magistrate. “Tell me, how much grain does a chicken eat in a year?”

“About half a sack,” said the poultry shop owner.

“So in two years the chicken that died would have eaten a whole sack of grain,” said Duan Guangqinj. “Please give the sack of grain you’ve saved to this man.”

The chicken owner turned pale. A sack of grain would cost more than hundred coins. Cowed by the jeers of the crowd, he declared he would not take any money from the peasant, and retreated into the safety of his shop.